geocentric

Earth centered

• heliocentric

sun centered

Universal law of Gravitation

planets orbit around the sun because of gravity’s pull

rationalism

reason is the chief source of knowledge

scientific method

• systematic procedure/collecting & analyzing evidence

• inductive reasoning

• analyzing evidence/observations to form generalizations

• empiricism

• knowledge is achieved through observation

• philosophe

• a person who seeks wisdom

• separation of powers

• government limits/ checks and balances

deism

• 18th C. philosophy/ reason-natural law

• authoritarian

• strict obedience at the expense of freedoms

• social contract

• liberties exchanged for security/ protections

• enlightened absolutism

• rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles

• salon

• urban drawing room/ to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

• rococo

• secular artistic style emphasizing grace and charm

• What is the difference between philosophy of the middle ages and investigations of the Scientific Revolution?

• (Middle Ages/) ancient folklore - (Scientific Revolution/) conclusions based upon observations 

• What tools/ instruments helped in this new approach?

• the telescope,  the microscope, and the printing press 

• How was Galileo able to make so many new discoveries (what instrument)?

The telescope

• What was significant about Galileo’s discoveries?

• celestial bodies are not spheres, but material substance 

• Why was the Church concerned about Galileo’s explanations?

• these claims made God and people less important than the sun 

• What did Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation say?

• every object is attracted to other objects by the force of gravity 

• What natural occurrence did this law explain?

why planets revolve around the sun

• From the 16th through the 18th centuries, identify at least three sciences that emerged?

• astronomy, physical science, philosophy

• According to Descartes, what is the relationship between the mind and body? 

the mind is really distinct from the body and can exist without it

• What are some of the benefits of the Scientific Method?

• a set process allows for the duplication of research/ decreases uncertainty/ increases the trust of others in results 

• What role did philosophes play in the Enlightenment?

• to influence intellectuals elsewhere; to change the world (for the better) 

• How are Montesquieu’s ideas still in effect today?

• the US has three branches of government that functions with a system of separation of powers

• How did the belief in logic and reason promote the beginning of the social sciences?

• the idea that people were free to pursue their own interests made society better 

• ideas from which other cultures were European political thinkers of the Enlightenment influenced by?

• civilizations of the biblical times, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome 

• How might the ideas behind the social contract have affected the lives of ordinary people during the Age of Reason?

• exchanging natural rights for protections from government (security, fairness, community)

• How effective were the enlightened monarchs in following the ideas of the philosophes?

• they did not properly administer their authority to benefit their subjects

• Why did Mary Wollstonecraft argue in favor of women’s rights?

• Enlightenment ideas of human rights, equality, and liberty are not reserved for men 

• What caused the movement of new ideas more than ever before?

• reading, discussion, and sharing opinions about life, liberty, and religion 

• How did Enlightenment ideas influence culture?

• cultural achievements in architecture, art, music, and literature with new character, based on enlightenment thought