Chapter 19- Dual HIS 202

1st big business

Railroads- tens of thousands of employees

• New management system - executives, superintendents —General and Local

• Used ½ of nation’s output

• Used 20% of coal production

• Creates new demand for goods

1876 Presidential election - Reconstruction over - the troops are:

• removed from the South

• Hayes = President

1876- The Democrats (whites) that wanted supremacy back are

Redeemers (plantation owners)

South begins to: (After civil war)

• industrialize - factories

• Birmingham becomes center of iron industry

  • Steel (Pittsburgh, PA)

  • Iron ore

  • Coal

  • Limestone

1875 Civil Rights Act

prohibited racial discrimination in public places - but states had jurisdiction over this - segregation law

• this later declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court

Jim Crow Laws (AFTER RECONSTRUCTION)

public places - segregation

Booker T. Washington and WEB Dubois

• Washington: African American leader at Tuskegee Institute(he founded it in 1881) (AL) - education and training is MOST VITAL.

• Philosophy: self-reliance; many skills = jobs

• Wrote, Up From Slavery, 1901

• Spoke at the Atlanta Exposition 1895

• Dubois: Booker’s rival

George W. Carver

Peanut man

Overall Changes in South (advances)

• large cotton production

• Some blacks attaining property

• New industries

Disfranchisement of Black Americans

• poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause

• takes away right to vote

• Republicans party almost disappears (birth of the Solid South - dem.)

Williams v. Mississippi (after Plessy v. Ferguson)

1898- SC rules these voting clauses constitutional

Overall Changes in South (Problems)

• segregation laws

• Tenants and laborers restless

• Farmers opposed to RR and merchants

• Racial violencen

4 times zones established 1883

Pacific, Mountain, Central Eastern

1 standard gauge set when?

1886

RR became more comfortable because of who

George Pullman

By 1877, approximately $4 mil is invested in:

Railroads

How many time zones are there in the world?

24

Segregation

segregation by law in public facilities (south)

• DeJure- by law

• Defacto- by custom (north)

Convict lease system

prisons leased convicts to private businesses as labor, a form of punishment in the South

Ida B. Wells

• African American Woman

• wanted to end lynchings

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Homer Plessy was 1/8 black

• 1892- refused to move to a black RR car

• He is removed from car - goes to court

• Case before Judge Thomas Ferguson

• Plessy lost

• This will go to Supreme Court - 1896 (7-1)

This solidifies segregation: “separate but equal” established

WEB Dubois

• Born north

• opposed Washington’s views; thought he was too accommodating of southern views/actions

• 1902: Wrote Souls of Black Folk

• Believed in the Talented 10th - top Afr. Am.

• Got a PhD in Harvard - total equality present

• Established his vision NAACP (National Association For the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909

  • seeks to end segregation and give equal education for all children; wanted full equality

First large labor union (national Labor Union)

Founded by William Sylvis - 640,000 members (doesn’t last long)

First BIGGEST labor union: The Knights of Labor

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Began in West Virginia

Workers involved: brakemen, railroad workers

• Triggered by 10% wage cut (happens two times)

• Work —> same

• Starts with 1 RR- spreads to others, Governor asks for help, Pres. Hayes sends federal troops

• Public opinion turns against labor unions

Haymarket Affair - 1886

Cause: wanted social revolution; popular issue of getting eight-hour workday instead of 10-hour.

• Labor radicals leaders: Albert Parsons, August Spies

• 80,000 parade peacefully down Michigan Avenue for the eight-hour workday

  • 2 days later- strikers attack strikebreakers = police open fire wounding 6 men.

• 3000 gather in square to protest police brutality. police arrive/ordered ppl to disperse → a bomb is thrown, several died (Chicago)

• 8 anarchists in incident and convicted - 4 hanged

American Federation of Labor

1886- Samuel Gompers is leader

• Alliance of craft unions and ONLY ALLOWED skilled workers

• Sections called guilds

Homestead Steel Strike

1892, Pittsburgh, PA. President at this time: Benjamin Harrison

• This plant is owned by Andrew Carnegie‘s (Scotland) Homestead Steelworks

• When manager Frick cut wages, union workers went on strike

  • Steel prices drop; wages are CUT

  • Workers will hang him in effigy (scarecrow of him)

  • Frick locks them out

  • Workers just continue the strike

  • Walls built around the plant - has holes to shoot ppl thru

  • Frick hires scabs

  • Workers find out, battle: 14 killed

• Strike breakers brought in, battle ensued

• State troopers called, Frick shot and stabbed by Alexander Berkman (survives); leaders blacklisted

• Strike broken up

Panic of 1893 and Consequences

Mar. 4, 1893— Cleveland Inauguration — 2nd term as Pres.

May 1893 - Panic occurred

• Economy collapsed

• business slows, workers laid off

Effects of Depression (1890s)

By Dec. 600 banks failed, 119 RR bankrupt

15,000 businesses closed, economy 3/4%

Average worker hurt worst — no unemployment, no gov’t benefits

What happened to Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Failure and Repealed— more unemployment

Coxey’s Army

• loses job from Panic of 1893

• In Midwest led group of workers to D.C.

• They wanted road projects for work

• The police sees them and arrested them for trespassing

1894 Elections

• Populists want to gain seats

• Republicans want to gain seats by blaming Democrats for depression

• Dem. lost 113 seats - largest transfer/power

Republicans would dominate until 1929

Cripple Creek Miners Strike of 1894

Location: Cripple Creek, Colorado

Problem: silver mines get economic depression

• mine owners want to move 8HR day to 10HR workday

• WFM threatened to strike all mines doing more than 8HR shifts— some comply, some don’t

Solution: Governor Davis H. White, a Populist elected in 1892

• Since he supported striking miners instead of owners, the union won an 8HR day.

Pullman Strike

George Pullman created model town for RR workers in Chicago

• Town very expensive for services

• After lay-offs, strike began in May 1894

• Workers asked others not to handle any Pullman cars across nation

Strike grows larger, 150,000 (RR); cut wages of workers —but the rent is the same

(Railroad Strike) Eugene Debbs

Pres. of Am. Railway Union goes along and does not move cars (stopped all RR traffic in America.)

• 125,000 get involved, commerce stalled

• July — Court injunction/order from Justice Dept forbade them from interfering with trains b/c it blocked interstate commerce (fed. Gov’t can regulate interstate commerce = debbs arrest)

• Fed. troops(US army) sent to Chicago

• Violence erupts —RR equipment destroyed by mobs. (6,000 rioters damaged 700 cars)

• National Guard ends this. (Killed 4 ppl)

(RR Strike Ends) What happens to Debbs and the workers

• Debbs goes to jail - this hurts union power

• Most workers are fired; many blacklisted

• Many angry with Prez, much hate mail

$650,000 damage in Chicago, 12 killed

**remember the gov’t usually takes the business’s side and NOT the workers

E. Debbs becomes the leader of what party

Socialist Party

(Socialism and IWW) Labor activists turn to __________ - gov’t control of business and property, equal distribution of wealth (appeals to the poor)

socialism

1905- Lochner v. New York

struck down law that limited hrs of bakers

• law infringed on 14th Amend rights

1908- Muller v. Oregon

upheld law limiting hrs women worked

What is the Industrial Workers of the World, Wobblies, est. in 1905

• want to overthrow capitalism

• Radical unionists, socialists, included Afr. Am.

  • Gave unskilled workers sense of dignity

• Other groups = Japanese and Mexicans form own unions to fight for higher wages

Labor Protest— Labor Unions growing (good for Dem.) What does the Ind. W of W appeal to?

Masses - wants one big union

(Ind. Workers of World) Who were the leaders that promoted violent strikes?

Big Bill Haywood and Eliz. Flynn

• They only had 20,000 members - poorest isolated workers

Unorganized workers- What are three obstacles for working class?

1. Inflation

2. No Voice

3. Dangerous working conditions

1910- International Ladies Garment Workers Organization formed

20,000 go on strike — leads to some improvements

• Tragedy: Co in NY - 146 died, mostly young women — lack of fire escapes , doors locked, many jump or pushed to death

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, NY, 1911

Saturday afternoon— 146 died, mostly young women — lack of fire escapes, doors locked, many jump or pushed to death from 9th floor

• fire dept reached 6th or 7th floor; the fire was on 10th story

• Owners of the CO= Harris and Blanche

• Families got $75 for compensation

Strike in Lawrence, Mass — 1912

Textile workers walk out bc wage cut

Haywood comes for support

Children of workers sent away to encourage support — this works

Pay increase awarded

Ludlow Massacre - 1913

United Mine Workers — Colorado

• Colorado Fuel & Iron Company

• Strike over low wages & brutality of guards

• Rockefeller asks governor for Nat’l Guard

• 1914 – Troops fire into a tent city

• Many died, some women and children

• Union gets some demands - not recognition

Farmers and the Populist Movement

Farmers united against common problems

• Large debts force many to buy more land

• Gov’t takes greenbacks out of circulation

• Debtors have to pay loans in dollars worth more than those borrowed

• Prices of crops fall drastically

Farmers are overcharged for shipments on RR

1867- Oliver Kelley creates

Patrons of Husbandry or the Grange

• Purpose — educational and social

• Will fight the RR

Farmers’ Alliance - gained 4 mil members

• Gave lectures on interest rates & gov’t control of RR and banks

S & W have what problems with credit and money

falling price for wheat and cotton

farmers believe putting silver back into circulation will help them

True

1869 - ______ ______ Act; 1873 ______ of silver ends (Crime of ‘73)

Public Credit Act

Coinage

Gold - Republicans

(Bland-Allison Act 1878 — Pres Hayes= puts silver into circulation but not enough; 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act)

Specie resumption Act - 1875

Grant seeking “sound money” - good and bad effects

Presidential election of 1892

Harrison (reluctant) — Republicans

Cleveland (confident) — Democrats

• worked hard to discredit Populists in South

People’s Party — James Weaver

At time - incumbent Pres. not supposed to campaign

CLEVELAND WINS

• Bidwell 2.3% (Prohibition Party lol)

(Farmers Alliance) OCALA DEMANDS – political agenda, 1890

Graduated Income Tax - 16th Amendment 1913

Direct election of Senators - 17th Amendment 1913

Free & unlimited coinage of silver 16:1

Gov’t control of RR, telegraph, telephone

Est. of “subtreasuries” (federal warehouses)

Populism

movement of the people — want reform (change)

Populist Party Economic Goals

Increase money supply

Federal loans

Graduated income tax

Populist Party Political Goals

Senators elected by popular vote

Secret ballot (Australian ballot)

8 hr work day

Populists candidates elected in

1892 - later Democratic Party adopts their platform (pop. Joins dem)

Election of 1896

William J. Bryan (Nebraska) — Democrats & Populist

• young, Cross of Gold speech (Jesus-related), Whistle stop campaign — 18,000 miles

William McKinley — Republicans

• supports tariff

• Front - porch campaign, sent out pamphlets

McKinley wins

Republicans control Congress