Unit 5 Vocab Quiz 1

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people which gained followers in 18th century.

Adam Smith

One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment; wrote Wealth of Nations which responded to mercantilism and called for freer trade.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility towards Jews.

Baron Montesquieu

French philosopher who argued that the best system of government divided the power of government into three parts: legislative, executive, and judicial.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Charles Fourier

Utopian socialist and social critic who worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society.

Classical Liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

Conservatism

A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories.

Deism

The belief that divinity/God simply set natural laws in motion.

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason; he was later found innocent and the French government severed all ties between the state and church.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement whose Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first woman's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States of America.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including experiments.

Enlightenment

Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy.

Fabian Society

A group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, Emmeline Pankhurst, Beatrice Webb, and H.G Wells who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Henri de Saint-Simon

A French social theorist whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science; proposed the building of the Suez canal.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Genevan philosopher and writer whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.

John Locke

Philosopher who wrote two Treatises of Government and advocated the idea of the social contract.

Laissez-faire

French for "leave alone," an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer who published A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 that argues that women should receive the same education as men.

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.

Philosophes

A group of thinkers and writers in the 18th century that explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist from Great Britain who established intentional communities governed by the principles of utopian socialism in Scotland and India.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.

Socialism

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.

Tabula Rasa

The "blank slate" that Locke proposed people were born with that could be filled with knowledge.

Theodor Herzl

Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement.

Thomas Paine

English-born American, political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. He authored Common Sense. Also, defended Deism in his book The Age of Reason.

Utopian Socialists

Those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

Voltaire

French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Bastille

A former prison in Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; it was stormed by angry crowds on July 14, 1789.

Declaration of Independence

The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

One of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one.

Immigration

The movement of people into the country from other countries.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

Puerto Rican-born poet and prominent early advocate for Puerto Rican independence.

New Zealand Wars

Military confrontations between the Maori and British over who had rights to the land which eventually ended in European colonization of New Zealand.

Ottomanism

Movement in the 1870s and 1880s that aimed to create a more modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire.

Otto von Bismarck

A German statesman who unified numerous German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a 'balance of power' that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.

Propaganda Movement

1882 movement in the Philippines that involved magazines, pamphlets, and other publications that demanded social and political reforms.

Realpolitik

System of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution.

Simon Bolivar

Leader of revolt in South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery in the Haitian Revolution and was the first leader of a free Haiti.

Agricultural Revolution

The transformation of human existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals.

Capital

Money available to invest in business.

Cottage Industry

Industry in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

Crop Rotation

Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year.

Division of Labor

Production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency.

Industrial Revolution

The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. New technologies reshaped societies and led to dramatic changes.

Industrialization

Increased mechanization of production.