AGR 322 Urine Exam

what is the anatomy of the urinary system

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

what is a nephron

microscopic structure and functional unit of the kidney

what is the name of the “cleaning unit”

glomerus

what is the primary function of the kidney

homeostasis

what happens when the kidney is in negative balance

conserves water and electrolytes

what happens when the kidney is in positive balance

excretes water and electrolytes

what are functions of the kidney

maintain pH, conserve nutrients - renal tubules, excretion of nitrogenous end products, regulates blood pressure, stimulates RBC production, produces prostaglandins, and aids in vitamin D activation

what hormone regulates blood pressure

renin

what hormone stimulates erythrocyte production

erythropoietin

what does BUN stand for?

Blood Urea Nitrogen

True or False EDTA blood can be used to evaluate kidney function

false

what is the gold standard for urine collection

first morning sample

what does the kidneys filter

blood

frequent urination is termed

pollakiuria

straining to urinate is termed

oliguria

vocalizing with no urination and excessive licking indicates

pain

increased urination is termed

polyuria

increased water consumption is termed

polydipsia

what is another name for free catch

voided

what is the con of voided

contaminants

what collection is gentle pressure applied to bladder to cause release of urine

bladder expression

what urine collection is passed through urethra into bladder

urinary catheterization

what is the gold standard of urine collection methods

cystocentesis

what urine collection is a surgical puncture through abdomen into bladder

cystocentesis

what is a must with cystocentesis

aseptic technique

how long after collection is it ideal to evaluate urine

30 minutes

what can bladder expression cause

RBC due to force

what type of catheter has a balloon on the end

foley catheter

what size needle is typical for cystocentesis

1.5 inch, 22 gauge

how many attempts do you have with a cystocentesis

3

True or False: you can redirect with cystocentesis

false

how long will refrigerating preserve urine for

6-12 hours

what should be done first when evaluating urine

chemical analysis

in females what is needed to place a catheter

vaginal speculum

in female dogs where is the urethral opening located

on vaginal floor

with a cystocentesis where should the needle be placed

cranial to the junction of bladder and urethra

what is included in the macroscopic exam

physical exam and chemical exam

what is included in microscopic exam

cells, crystals, microorganisms

what is the normal urine production for dogs and cats

20-40 ml/kg/d

what is the normal urine production of cattle

17-45 ml/kg/d

what is the normal urine production for horses

3-8 ml/kg/d

what is the normal urine production for sheep/goat

10-40 mL/kg/d

what is associated with polyuria

polydipsia

what is the normal color, concentration, and sg of polyuria

pale, dilute, and low sg

which diabetes is when an animal can not save water but blood glucose in normal

diabetes insipidus

what is no urine production termed

anuria

what is normal urine color

little yellow to amber

what does pale yellow urine indicate

dilute, low sg, polyuria

what does very yellow/ yellow brown urine indicate

concentrated, high sg, oliguria

what does brown/green urine indicate

concentrated, bile pigments when it foams upon shaking

what is floating particles called

flocculent

what is a normal specific gravity and what is it termed

1.007-1.013, isosthenuria

what is an increased specific gravity called

hypersthenuria

what is a decreased specific gravity called

hyposthenuria

what does red/brown urine indicate

myoglobinuria or muscle lysis

what does red urine indicate

hematuria or hemoglobinuria

what does orange/green/blue urine indicate

drug or vitamins

what is hematuria

intact RBC

how can you tell if a sample is hematuria after centrifuge

sediment red and supernatant clear

how can you tell if a sample if hemoglobin

supernatant is red

after adding ammonium sulfate how can you distinguish hemoglobin vs myoglobin

hemoglobin’s supernatant is clear while myoglobin’s is red/brown

what species has a cloudy urine due to calcium carbonate and mucus

equine

what species has milky urine due to calcium carbonate

rabbits

what is hemoglobin in urine show as

ghost cells

what can slightly cloudy urine indicate

sperm or mucous

what odor does cystitis have

ammonia

what odor does ketones have

sweet/fruit/alcohol

what is specific gravity

density of a liquid compared to distilled water

what is the normal specific gravity for canine

1.001-1.060

what is the normal specific gravity for feline

1.001-1.080

what can concentrated urine indicate

dehydration

an increased specific gravity indicates what

dehydration (decrease in water intake or increase in fluid loss), renal failure, shock

a decreased specific gravity indicates what

kidney can’t resorb water (increase in fluid intake)

what affects pH

diet

what is the pH of herbivores

alkaline: 7.0-8.5

what is the pH of carnivores

acidic: 6.0-7.0

what is the pH of omnivores

either basic or acidic

what happens to the pH when urine is at room temperature?

increases

what happens to urine standing at room temp

urease-producing bacteria increases

what is the term of protein present

proteinuria

what does the sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test determine

urine protein by acid precipitation

what protein does dipstick pick up on

albumin

what is the presence of glucose termed

glucosuria or glycosuria

what must glucose have excessed

renal threshold (170-180 mg/dl)

what does hyperglycemia and glucosuria indicate

diabetes mellitus

true or false: stress can cause glucose to be present in urine

true

what is the main energy source

glucose

what causes glucose

carbohydrate breakdown

what is the presence of ketones termed

ketonuria

true or false: increased levels of fat metabolism are toxic

true

what is ketosis (ketonemia) common in

large animals

what is the presence of bilirubin termed

bilirubinuria

what bile pigments are picked up on chemical dip stick

conjugated bilirubin only

what is urobiliogen

by-product

what type of blood is not visible

occult blood

what is the presence of leukocytes termed

pyuria or leucouria

what must always be confirmed microscopically

leukocytes

centrifuge settings for urine

1500 RPM for 5 minutes

what is viewed on high power field

cells

what is viewed on low power field

crystals and casts