APUSH Review Flashcards - using Maggie's notes

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts and events in APUSH.

Mesoamerica

Region inhabited by the Aztecs known for maize cultivation and economic development.

Yucatan Peninsula

Region inhabited by the Maya known for maize cultivation and economic development.

Peru

Region inhabited by the Inca known for maize cultivation and economic development.

Pueblo

Native American group in Mexico who cultivated maize and practiced Christianity alongside their own religion.

Chinook

Native American group in the Pacific Northwest who lived in fishing villages.

Syncretism

Blending of cultures, often seen in the context of European exploration and its impact on Native American societies.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

Mercantilism

Economic system where there is only a fixed amount of wealth. Colonies provide raw materials and markets.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses; the British East India Company is one example.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system that enslaved native labor; justified by racism and the caste system.

Caste System

A social hierarchy based on race that developed in the Spanish colonies.

Mission System

Spanish system to convert natives to Christianity.

New Amsterdam

A colony established by the Dutch in what is now New York.

House of Burgesses

First government in colonies - Virginia- democratic self-governance.

Navigation Acts

Required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships, valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports.

Metacom's War (King Phillip's War)

(1675) War between colonists and native groups led by chief Metacom.

Chattel Slavery

Enslaved people owned as property. Slavery was made a perpetual institution that was passed from one generation to the next.

Stono Rebellion

Enslaved men stole weapons, killed white owners, and marched along the Stono River, burning plantations and killing whites.

Enlightenment

Emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religious revelation, influenced American colonists to ideas about liberty and right and democratic government.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who believed people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Great Awakening

Religious movement that swept the colonies with the protestant evangelicalism.

Anglicization

Becoming more British.

Impressment

Seizing men against their will and forcing them to serve in the navy.

French and Indian War

Conflict between the British and the French (allied with natives).

Proclamation Line of 1763

Forade colonists from migrating west.

Salutary Neglect

British hands-off approach, colonists govern themselves, Britain did not enforce laws.

Stamp Act of 1765

Tax on all paper items (newspapers, playing cards, legal contracts)).

Townshend Acts

Levied taxes on paper, tea, glass.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired their guns into the crowd, enraging the colonists.

Boston Tea Party

Sons of liberty disguised themselves as Native Americans and Dumps 45 tons of British tea into the Boston harbor –.

Intolerable Acts

Acts passed as response to the Boston Tea Party - closed down the Boston harbor until all lost tea was paid and passed another quartering act.

Continental Congress in 1774

Delegates from every colony deliberated about what the colonist should do regarding Britain’s increasing legislative tyranny.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Inspired independence as it demonstrated enlightenment thought.

George Washington

General of the continental army.

Battle of Saratoga

Big turning point for the war. Benjamin Franklin able to convince France to join the patriot cause.

Republican Motherhood

Women are the most important asset as they raise and educate young buys into pro-democracy men.

Articles of Confederation

Ratified in 1781, placed power in legislative branch, there was no executive (president), states had equal vote.

Shay's Rebellion

Farmers who fought in the war returned to debts due to inflation and taxes, showed the weakness of the Articles.

Constitutional Convention 1787

Create a new constitution or revise the existing one.

Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature (two houses) - house of representatives (represent the states by population) and senate (represent each state equally by providing each with two votes).

Three Fifths Compromise

3/5 of a slave would be counted for representation.

Federalists

Wanted to ratify the new constitution. (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay published federalist papers explaining why the states needed to ratify).

Anti-Federalists

Against constitution b/c it invested too much power into the central government at the expense of the states - no Bill of Rights.

Bill of rights

Added to the constitution, protects the basic rights of U.S. citizens, guaranteeing freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and other freedoms.

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and the state government.

Whiskey Rebellion of 1794

Poor farmers began attacking federal tax collector instead of paying taxes, squashed by George Washington.

XYZ affair

France sent diplomats, sparking outrage, Adams encouraged congress to pass Alien and Sedition Acts.

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power between rival parties.

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

Napoleon offered Monroe the whole Louisiana territory for 15 million dollars.

John Marshall

4th chief justice of the supreme court.

Marbury v. Madison 1803

The supreme court was the final interpreter of the constitution and had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional, judiciary act declared unconstitutional - judiciary review policy.

Monroe Doctrine

Lands and nations in the western hemisphere were not to be influenced by European powers.

Market Revolution

The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of interchangable parts manufacturing.

Cult of Domesticity

Women's identity and purpose was to have babies, raise them, and provide a home that was a haven of rest to her husband.

Andrew Jackson

Led the Democrats. Limited power in federal government, free trade, local rule - against: corporate monopolies, high tariffs, national bank.

Doctrine of Nullification

If a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, that state could ignore it.

Second National Bank (1816)

Stabilized the economy (1820s).

Indian Removal Act of 1830

All natives be relocated west of the Mississippi river in the Oklahoma territory.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of natives in 1830.

Romanticism

Way of thinking that prioritizes warmth, emotion and desire.

Transcendentalism

Emphasized the belief in human perfectibility.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals among protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation.

William Lloyd Garrison

Started the Liberator, American Anti-Slavery society (1833).

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.

Yeoman farmers

Farmers who worked their own land- farmers who did not own slaves- majority of farmers in the south.

Manifest Destiny

To possess the whole continent from sea to shining sea, ordained by god.

Preemption acts

Made lots of land available for cheap for homesteading and farming.

James K Polk

Fan of the Manifest Destiny. aimed to annex Texas and Oregon.

Mexican American War

Causes: Annexation of Texas.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Established the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, outlined the deal for Mexican Cession (Mexico ceded California and new Mexico to the united states for 15 million dollars).

Compromise of 1850

Mexican cession divided into utah and new Mexico territories and would practice popular sovereignty, California admitted as a free state, slave trade banned in Washington d.c, stricter fugitive slave law.

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist movement (against immigrants: a policy protecting the interests of native-born people against the interests of immigrants.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Popular sovereignty, overturned compromise of 1820.

Dred Scott Decision of 1857

As a slave, Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue in federal court, the constitution clearly states that congress cannot deprive any citizen of property (slave owners could take slaves anywhere they wanted without fear of being deprived of their property).

Anaconda plan

The north would lead heavily on its naval advantage in order to blockade southern ports and control the Mississippi river.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed enslaved people who were in states in active rebellion against the united states.

Gettysburg Address

Delivered by Lincoln 1863 - purpose was to unify the nation, portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.

Black Codes

Restricted the freedom of southern black Americans and forced them to work for low wages.

14th amendment

All people born in the united states are citizens of the united stated and every citizen can enjoy equal protection of the laws on the state level.

Radical Republicans

Against Johnson. the south needed to pay, wanted the process of reconstruction to be led by congress, not the president.

15th amendment

Granted voting rights to the newly freed black population of the south.

Plessey v. Ferguson 1896

Separate but equal.

Jim Crow Laws

Segregated every facet of society.

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest company, immigrants racially inferior to the true standard of American whiteness.

American Federation of Labor

Higher wages, safer working conditions.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Banned any further Chinese immigration.

Populist Party

Omaha platform: direct election of senators, use of initiatives and referendums which allowed the people to propose and vote on legislation, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, eight-hour work day.

Imperialism

The expansion of one country's political, economic, and military influence over another country.

Platt Amendment

Allowed the US to intervene militarily in Cuba is American economic interests were threatened.

Muckrakers

Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) - Charlotte Perkins Gilman (The Yellow Wallpaper)- Ida Tarbell -.

17th amendment

Direct election of senators.

18th amendment

Prohibition (forbade the manufacture and sale of alcohol).

19th amendment (1920)

Ratified the right for women to vote.

Wilsons Fourteen Points

Freedom of the seas, self-determination of nations, league of nations.

Espionage Act

Made it a crime to oppose the war or interfere with the draft.

Red Scare

Anti-communist sentiment.

Emergency Quota Act 1921 and National Origins Act 1924

Set the quotas for accepting new immigrants very low, especially immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Modernism won over fundamentalism.

New Deal

Relief for the unemployed - recovery for businesses - reform of economic institutions - social security act of 1935.