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Level of formality of a text.
Tenor
The tone or the relationship between author and reader and how it is created.
Attitudes
The opinions expressed in the text.
Content
What the text is about.
Context
External factors that may shape a text's meaning, such as when it was written and who wrote it.
Form
The structure and shape of a text.
Themes
Recurring ideas and images in a text.
Genre
The category of fiction or text type, e.g., romance, horror, thriller.
Audience
The intended recipients of the text.
Purpose
The reason the text was produced, e.g., to entertain, inform, critique, or educate.
Tone
The writer's attitude toward a subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and writing style.
Mood
The overall feeling or atmosphere of a text, often created by imagery and word choice.
Plot
The sequence of events in a narrative.
Exposition
The part of a story that provides background information about characters and setting.
Narrator
The voice that tells a fictional story, which can be first, second, or third person.
Protagonist
The main character the reader identifies with in a story.
Anti-hero
A protagonist who lacks traditional heroic qualities but is still relatable.
Antagonist
The character who opposes the protagonist's goals.
Dialogue
The presentation of characters' speech.
Monologue
A speech delivered by one character that reveals their innermost feelings.
Soliloquy
A type of monologue where a character speaks their thoughts aloud.
Suspension of disbelief
The reader's ability to accept fantastical elements in fiction to enjoy the story.
Headline
The large title of a newspaper article, often using wordplay.
Tagline
A clarifying sentence beneath the headline of an article.
Subheading
A brief phrase that breaks up the main article and foreshadows content.
Caption
Text accompanying an image, often providing context or humor.
Grab quote
An enlarged excerpt from the text designed to attract attention.
Slogan
A catchy line that summarizes an advertisement.
Journalese
Sensationalist language typical of tabloid newspapers.
Typography
The style and appearance of printed text.
Anecdote
A short, interesting story about a real incident or person.
Polyvocal
A text featuring multiple voices or opinions to encourage diverse interpretations.
Testimonial
A written statement certifying a person's character or an organization's credibility.
Noun
A part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun, e.g., he, she, it.
Adjective
A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.
Verb
A word that expresses an action or state of being.
Adverb
A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Conjunction
A word that connects clauses or sentences.
Preposition
A word that shows the relationship between a noun and another word.
Determiner
A word that introduces a noun and clarifies its reference.
Article
A type of determiner that specifies a noun as definite or indefinite.
Participles
Verb forms used as adjectives or nouns.
Interjection
An exclamatory word expressing emotion.
Conditionals
Sentences expressing "if" scenarios.
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.
Simple sentence
A sentence with one independent clause.
Compound sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses.
Complex sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
Faulty coordination
Joining unrelated ideas in an illogical order.
Subordination
Combining sentences to emphasize one over the other.
Inverted sentence
A sentence with reversed word order for emphasis.
Parallelism
Repetition of grammatical structure for emphasis.
Ellipsis
Omitting words for conciseness or informality.
Imperative syntax
A command or request.
Declarative syntax
A statement providing information.
Interrogative sentence
A sentence that asks a question.
Exclamatory sentence
A sentence expressing strong emotion.
Absolute phrases
Phrases providing additional information about a subject.
Run-on sentences
Incorrectly joining two or more sentences without proper punctuation.
Comma splices
Incorrectly connecting two independent clauses with only a comma.
Overlexicalisation
Excessive use of words to describe something.
Semantic field
A group of related words or expressions.
Lexical field
A set of words grouped by a common theme.
Jargon
Specialized language used in specific fields.
Proverbs
Sayings conveying universal truths.
Idiom
A phrase with a meaning not deducible from its individual words.
Patronising terms
Language that diminishes the subject.
Clipping
Shortening words for casual use.
Double entendre
A phrase with two interpretations.
Puns
Jokes exploiting word meanings or sounds.
Euphemism
A polite way of saying something socially inappropriate.
Dysphemism
An extreme way of saying something socially inappropriate.
Acronyms
Words formed from the initial letters of a phrase.
Homophones
Words that sound the same but have different meanings.
Homonyms
Words with multiple meanings.
Synonyms
Words with similar meanings.
Antonyms
Words with opposite meanings.
Archaism
A word that has fallen out of common usage.
Collocations
Words that naturally go together.
Neologism
A newly invented word.
Portmanteau
A word created by merging two existing words.
Compound words
Words formed by combining two existing words.
Taboo language
Words considered socially unacceptable.
Cliché
Overused expressions that have lost their impact.
Punctuation
Marks used to clarify meaning in writing.
Semantics
The study of meaning in language.
Connotation
The associations that words carry.
Denotation
The literal meaning of a word.
Rhetoric
The art of persuasive language.
Litotes
An understatement using double negatives.
Hyperbole
An exaggerated statement for emphasis.
Diction
The choice and use of words in writing.
Imagery
Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.
Visual imagery
Language that creates a mental picture.
Auditory imagery
Language that evokes sound.
Gustatory imagery
Language that appeals to taste.
Olfactory imagery
Language that appeals to smell.
Tactile imagery
Language that appeals to touch.
Allusion
A reference to another work or cultural element.
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