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Variable
A phenomenon that changes and whose changes can be measured in some way.
Quantitative representation
Mathematical or statistical representation of psychological phenomena.
Categorical variable
A variable that is not numerical, with discrete and qualitatively separate categories.
Operational definition
Definition of a phenomenon in terms of the precise procedures or steps taken to measure it.
Reliability
The consistency of a measurement or research instrument over time.
Validity
The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
Cross-sectional study
A study where different variables are measured at the same time to examine relationships.
Longitudinal study
A research method that measures the same variables at multiple time points.
Sampling bias
A systematic tendency towards over- or under-representation of some sub-groups in a sample.
Randomisation
The process of randomly assigning participants to different conditions in a study to eliminate bias.