behaviorism pt. 2

operant conditioning pertains to the conditioning of…

1. positive reinforcement

2. negative reinforcement

3. positive punishment

4. negative punishment

deliberate behaviors

reinforcement =

encouraging the target behavior

punishment =

discouraging the target behavior

positive (+) = …

by ADDING something

negative (-) =

by TAKING SOMETHING AWAY

negative reinforcement in not the same as….

ex: doing drugs to inhibit something temporarily (it is removed, such as depression)

punishment

positive punishment

ex: applauding….booing

punishment =

adding (+) stimulus in response to the target behavior to discourage that behavior

discourage target behavior

negative reinforcement

negative because

reinforcement because

taking away stimulus

encouraging a certain behavior by taking away that stimulus

ex: booing the volunteer only when they are NOT moving.

negative punishment

taking away a stimulus in response to target behavior to discourage a certain behavior

examples

1. negative reinforcement: putting on your seatbelt to stop the beeping sound from the car

2. positive punishment: getting a ticket after driving over the speed limit

3. negative punishment: a kid not getting recess for misbehaving in class.

what is shaping?

shaping is reinforcement of incremental progress toward a desired behavior

ex: when teaching dog a trick, you give treats as they keep getting closer to completing the entire trick.

classical conditioning examples

1. Pavlov’s dogs

   US ~ the food

   UR ~ salivating when seeing the food

   CS ~ the bell

   CR ~ salivating when hearing the bell

2. many phobias include the baby associating the loud noise with the bunny and then only being scared of the bunny.

classical conditioning ~ conditioned taste aversion

why is it beneficial to have an aversion to certain foods that taste bad?

Biological preparedness ~

*includes common phobias

when there is a certain taste or food that from some experience has caused a personal aversion towards it.

: because these foods could be dangerous

the easier formation to historically dangerous stimuli like snakes and spiders compared to neutral objects.

severe punishment

• punishment that causes…

  • ex: screaming at a person to the point they are fearful

• severe punishment is extremely ________ for getting a behavior to stop ______________ (but maybe not ____ - _____)

• extreme negative affect (emotion)

• effective; immediately; long-term

problems with severe punishment…if a learner has a terrible teacher.

they…

• encourages …

• creates ____ & ______

• severe punishment for failure =

• ______ aggression

avoid the teacher instead of the behavior

• lying

• fear and anxiety

• opting out

• models

the “Skinner Box”

• rat can only push the level to get food

• reinforcement = reinforcement

  • PR: pushing the lever to get food

  • NR: pushing the lever to stop the shock

  • NP: food pellets being withheld when the rat pushes the lever to discourage pushing the lever.

  • PP: adding the shock to discourage pushing the lever

PR: pushing the lever results in food being given (adding food to encourage pushing the lever)

NR: pushing the lever to prevent the shock (encouraging the rat to press the lever to STOP/take away the shock)

NP: taking away food pellets completely to discourage the rat from pushing on the lever

PP: adding the shock when the rat pushes the lever to discourage the rat from pushing the lever.

schedules of reinforcement

• continuous reinforcement:

• fixed ratio reinforcement:

• variable ratio reinforcement:

• fixed-interval reinforcement:

• variable-interval reinforcement:

• reward for every instance of the behavior

• reward at every Nth instance of the behavior *involves numbers

• reward at random instances of behavior (at random numbers)

• reward after X amount of time doing the behavior (ex: pomodoro method when studying)

• random rewards while engaged in the behavior (at random intervals of time)

variable-ratio reinforcement produces the …

• it is also the type of reinforcement that is most clearly related to…

…most vigorous responding

addiction