STOMACH STUDY SET EXAM 3

pepsin

digests protein into smaller peptides

zymogen

an inactive precursor of an enzyme, activated by cleavage reactions.

mechanical digestion

the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to enhance enzymatic action.

chemical digestion

the breakdown of food through biochemical reactions, involving enzymes that convert complex molecules into simpler ones.

hydrocholricacid in the stomach

aids in digestion by activating enzymes and providing an acidic environment.

mucous cells

produce mucous

parietal cells

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, playing a crucial role in digestion and absorption of vitamin B12.

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin for protein digestion.

g cells

secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility within the stomach.

gastric motility

the contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that facilitate the mixing and movement of food through the digestive tract.

enteric nervous system

A complex network of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system, controlling digestive processes such as motility and secretion.

enterogastric reflex

A physiological response that inhibits gastric motility and secretion when the duodenum is distended with chyme, helping to regulate the rate of gastric emptying.

cck

A hormone released by the intestinal mucosa in response to the presence of fats and proteins, stimulating digestion and promoting feelings of fullness by inhibiting gastric emptying.

secretin

A hormone produced by the S cells of the duodenum, released in response to acidic chyme, that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and regulates gastric acid secretion.

duodenum

The first section of the small intestine, located between the stomach and jejunum, where significant digestion occurs.

large intestine

The final section of the digestive tract, where water absorption and formation of feces occurs.

small intestine

The part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where most digestion and nutrient absorption take place.

stomach accessory organs

Organs that assist in digestion, including the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, which secrete enzymes and bile into the digestive tract.

liver function

The liver processes nutrients from the digestive tract, detoxifies harmful substances, and produces bile to aid in fat digestion.

gallbladder function

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Digestive enzymes

P lipase, Pnamlayse, proteases

Duct cells

Duct cells secrete HCO3 ( bicarbonate from stomach)

Digestive enzymes

Stimulated by the CCK- then bicarbs release. Stimulated by secretin

Secretin

A hormone produced in the small intestine that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and helps regulate water homeostasis.

zymogen

created by pancreas

trypsin

digestive enzyme produced in the pancreas that is activated from its inactive form, trypsinogen, in the small intestine and plays a crucial role in protein digestion.

pancreas secretes

trypsinogen and other digestive enzymes, including amylase and lipase, to aid in digestion. along with zymogen

bbe ( brush bored enzymes)

is a condition characterized by excessive bacteria in the small intestine, leading to digestive disturbances. activates trypsin

trypsin

activates all prostheses

Gallbladder

is a small pouch located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver, and releases it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.

duodenum releases

CCK and SECRETIN! These hormones regulate digestion and stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

duodenum

the first part of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs and where bile and pancreatic juices are added.

jejunum

the second part of the small intestine, where absorption of nutrients and minerals begins, following the duodenum.

ileum

the final part of the small intestine, where the absorption of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients occurs before material reaches the large intestine.

large intestine

the portion of the digestive tract responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes, leading to the formation of feces.

mastication

CHEWING

VILLI

small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.

GOBLET CELL

a type of epithelial cell found in the lining of the intestines and respiratory tract that secretes mucus to lubricate and protect the surfaces.

lactase

an enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, aiding in the digestion of dairy products.

sugar can be digested in TWO places…

the mouth or the small intestine

protein can only be digested in

the stomach and small intestine

micellar cell

a structure formed by bile acids that facilitates the absorption of lipids in the intestine.

NO brush border enzymes in

the stomach, which means digestion of carbohydrates and proteins occurs primarily in the lumen.

chylomicrons

lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

fat digestion

stomach and small intestine

large intestine

final absorption site for food and water before waste is excreted.

digestion process

involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components for absorption.

decrease of PSNS in GI is caused by

increased sympathetic nervous system activity.

short neuro reflexes

involve local reflex arcs within the gastrointestinal tract that respond to stimuli without direct involvement of the central nervous system.

mucosa

is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. It plays a critical role in absorption and secretion during digestion.

serosa

is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, providing a protective covering and allowing movement of the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity.

periotenuem and mesentries

barrier that can isolate infection and surrounds organs. like the pleura

motility

refers to the movement of the digestive tract that facilitates the passage of food through the gastrointestinal system, including contractions of the smooth muscles.

GI secretion

the release of digestive enzymes, acids, and other substances into the gastrointestinal tract to aid in digestion.

digestion

the process of breaking down food into smaller components through mechanical and chemical means, allowing for nutrient absorption.

absorption

the process by which nutrients from digested food are taken up into the bloodstream or lymphatic system for use by the body.

B12 is secreted in

the stomach and intestine by the intrinsic factor.

digestive system function is to

break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. along with raw materials and b12

defication reflex

is the involuntary response that triggers the elimination of feces from the rectum.