IoT - Chap 3: Communication Channels

Device-To-Device Communications Model

Two or more devices are directly connected and communicate with one another via IP networks or the Internet. Follows a communication protocol to communicate and exchange messages, such as Bluetooth, Z-Wave, or ZigBee4.

• Device-To-Device

• Device-To-Cloud

• Device-To-Gateway

• Back-End Data Sharing

Communication Models:

Device-To-Cloud Communications Model

To exchange data and control message traffic, an Internet of Things device connects directly to an Internet cloud service

(application service provider). It provides value to the end user by widening the device's capabilities beyond its native features.

Device-To-Gateway Communications Model

Also known as the device-to-application layer gateway model. Application software that runs on a local gateway device (hub) and connects the device to the cloud service, providing security and other features such as data or protocol translation.

Back-End Data Sharing Communication Model

Refers to the communication architecture that allows the user to export and analyze smart object data from a cloud service together with data from other sources. In order to achieve interoperability of smart device, data hosted in the cloud, a federated cloud services approach or cloud applications programmer interfaces (APIs) are needed.

IoT Communication Protocols

- where IoT relies on to enable devices, sensors, and cloud platforms to exchange data efficiently.

- specialized sets of rules that enable devices in an IoT ecosystem to communicate, exchange data, and perform actions seamlessly.

• Network Communication Protocols (for device connectivity) and

• Data Communication Protocols (for structured data exchange).

IoT Communication Protocols Categories

Network Communication Protocols

are standardized rules and procedures that define

how data is transmitted, formatted, and received across networks. These protocols ensure seamless communication between devices, regardless of their hardware, software, or geographical location.

1. Wi-Fi

2. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

3. Zigbee

4. Z - Wave

5. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)

6. NB - IoT (Narrowband IoT)

7. 5G

8. Ethernet

Network Communication Protocols:

Network Communication Protocols:

1. Wi-Fi

is a widely used wireless communication technology that operates on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands and provides high-speed internet access.

Network Communication Protocols:

2. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

a short-range wireless communication protocol operating on 2.4 GHz, primarily designed for data exchange between devices.

- Bluetooth (Classic) supports high-speed data transfer (up to 3 Mbps)

- BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) is optimized for low power consumption, extending the battery life of devices like fitness trackers, medical sensors, and smartwatches.

- BLE supports mesh networking, which allows multiple devices to communicate within a single network

- has limited range (10-100 meters) and potential interference with Wi-Fi

Network Communication Protocols:

3. Zigbee

is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication protocol operating on 2.4 GHz with a maximum data rate of 250 kbps.

- its power-efficient design makes it ideal for battery-operated IoT devices,

Network Communication Protocols:

4. Z-Wave

is a proprietary low-power, low-bandwidth wireless communication protocol that operates at sub-GHz frequencies (908 MHz in the US, 868 MHz in Europe), reducing interference from Wi-Fi networks.

- has a lower data transfer rate (up to 100 kbps)

Network Communication Protocols:

5. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network).

is a low-power, long- range wireless communication protocol operating on sub-GHz frequencies

- It is specifically designed for low-bandwidth IoT applications that require extended coverage (up to 15 km in rural areas and 5 km in urban areas)

- relies on public or private gateways to forward messages from devices to cloud- based servers.

Network Communication Protocols:

6. NB - IoT (Narrowband IoT)

is a cellular-based LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology that operates on existing 4G LTE infrastructure, providing deep indoor penetration and wide coverage.

Network Communication Protocols:

7. 5G

is a high-speed, low-latency wireless network designed for massive IoT, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. It provides ultra-fast data speeds (up to 10 Gbps) and ultra-low latency (as low as 1 ms)

- One of its key advantages is network slicing, which allows dedicated bandwidth for specific IoT applications.

Network Communication Protocols:

8. Ethernet

is a wired communication protocol that provides high-speed, secure, and reliable network connectivity

- it supports Gigabit speeds and low-latency communication

- is not affected by interference or signal degradation, ensuring stable connectivity.

Data Communication Protocol

are rules and standards that define how data is transmitted, formatted, and received between IoT devices, sensors, gateways, and cloud platforms.

1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport).

2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol).

3. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol).

4. DDS (Data Distribution Service)

5. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)/HTTPS ((Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure).

Data Communication Protocols:

Data Communication Protocols:

1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport).

is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for IoT applications operating in low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable networks. Built on TCP/IP, it uses a centralized broker to facilitate device communication and supports three Quality of Service (QoS) levels to ensure reliable message delivery.

Data Communication Protocols:

2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol).

is an IoT-optimized alternative to HTTP, designed to function over UDP for lightweight, low-power IoT networks. It follows a RESTful architecture, allowing IoT devices to interact with cloud platforms via standard HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

Data Communication Protocols:

3. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol).

is a message-oriented protocol designed for secure, reliable, and high-performance message exchange. It incorporates message queuing, publish-subscribe, and routing mechanisms to optimize data transmission.

- is enterprise-grade and commonly used in financial transactions, industrial IoT, and cloud-based applications.

Data Communication Protocols:

4. DDS (Data Distribution Service)

is a high-performance, decentralized communication protocol designed for real-time and mission-critical IoT applications.

- follows a peer-to- peer architecture, allowing devices to communicate directly without a central point of failure.

Data Communication Protocols:

5. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)/HTTPS ((Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Secure).

are widely used request-response protocols for web-based communication.

- interoperability with existing web infrastructure, allowing easy cloud integration.

- Security

- Privacy

- Interoperability

Issues Raised by IoT