Biology Exam Review: Key Concepts and True/False Practice

What is a variable that is changed by the investigator called?

Independent variable

What is a variable that changes in response to a deliberate change in another variable called?

Dependent variable

What is a possible answer or untested explanation that relates to the initial question in an experiment called?

Hypothesis

What does a hypothesis usually include?

A prediction

What is an experimental design?

A brief description of the procedure by which a hypothesis is tested

What is a quantitative observation?

A numerical observation based on measurements or counting

What is a qualitative observation?

A non-numerical observation that describes the qualities of objects or events

Is state of matter a quantitative observation?

No, it is a qualitative observation

Is length a qualitative observation?

No, it is a quantitative observation

What are prokaryotes?

Cells that do not have a nucleus

What is the cytoplasm of a cell mostly composed of?

Water

What do chloroplasts do?

Absorb light energy and convert it to energy for the plant

What is the transportation network of a cell called?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What process allows water to enter and leave cells?

Osmosis

What happens during mitosis?

The entire cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What does cancer result from?

Accelerated cell growth

Do single-celled organisms show specialization?

No

What do each cell division produce?

Two genetically identical cells called daughter cells

How do chemicals diffuse?

From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

What type of reproduction involves only one parent?

Asexual reproduction

What does the mitochondrion contain?

Genetic information that controls cell activities

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To support the cell and regulate substance entry

What are chromosomes?

Compact forms of cells that contain DNA strands

What happens during telophase?

Each chromosome separates into two identical single-stranded parts

What is the process called when cancer cells move to new areas of the body?

Metastasis

What minimizes the risk of cancer?

Prevention and screening

Do plant and animal cells have most major cell structures in common?

Yes

What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cell's cytoplasm

What do mitosis and interphase together make up?

The cell division portion of the cell cycle

Where does cellular respiration occur?

In the mitochondria of the cell

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle for most cells?

Interphase

What are muscle fibers?

Bundles of long cells that contain specialized proteins capable of contracting

What starts the process of breaking down food?

The mouth

What is the shape of the alveoli designed for?

To maximize surface area for gas exchange

What systems combine to work together in gas exchange in the alveoli?

The circulatory and respiratory systems

What protects the lining of the stomach from ulcers?

Mucous

Why is the small intestine called small?

Because it is narrow in diameter

Why do veins have thicker walls?

To compensate for greater blood pressure

What does the liver produce to help in fat breakdown?

Bile

What is the periderm tissue?

The surface tissue of a plant that produces a waxy covering

What is the green color in a leaf primarily due to?

Chlorophyll

What must systems in animals and plants do?

Work independently to accomplish complex tasks

Where does cell division take place in a root?

In the apical meristem

What are the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells part of?

The ground tissue system

What is photosynthesis?

The process that enables plants to build glucose from simple molecules using light energy

How many main body systems do plants have?

Three

What do phloem tissues do?

Act as filler between dermal and vascular tissues

What do animals rely on plants to produce?

Oxygen

What are leaves and seeds important for?

Sources of food and flavorings

What do stomata do?

Open and close holes in a leaf to allow the plant to breathe

Where can a waxy coating that acts as a waterproof covering for a plant stem be found?

On non-woody stems

What do plants have to keep them firm?

Xylem

What is oxygen in relation to photosynthesis?

A waste product

Is a tree with a trunk measuring 0.75 m in diameter younger than one measuring 1 m?

Yes

What is one function of roots?

To anchor a plant