English Clauses Test Review

What is an ADJECTIVE?

- A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun- Tells us WHAT KIND?, WHICH ONE?, HOW MANY?, or HOW MUCH? about the noun or pronoun that it modifies

What is an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE?

- A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
- FOLLOWS the noun or pronoun that it modifies (MEANING IT CAN NOT BE AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE)
- CAN BE REMOVED FROM THE SENTENCE (because they are NOT dramatically necessary)

What are the EIGHT WORDS to look for when trying to find an adjective clause?

WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, THAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHY
AGAIN 🐱- WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, THAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHY
(THIS DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN THAT IT IS AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE BECAUSE REMEMBER IT HAS TO ANSWER WHAT KIND, WHICH ONE, HOW MANY, or HOW MUCH)

What is an ELLIPTICAL CLAUSE?

- When an adjective clause has words have been left out, but the meaning remains clear to the reader- You can fill in the blank in your mine
EXAMPLE:Normal Sentence: The dog belongs to my neighbor down the street.BUT IT COULD HAVE BEEN...The dog THAT belongs to my neighbor down the street.
The "THAT" was left out in the first sentence but it could have been there. It was able to be filled in by your mind. (you silly goose)

What is a ESSENTIAL/RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE?

- A clause that is ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence.- DOES NOT NEED COMMAS
EXAMPLE:The dog that belongs to my neighbor is barking.
- WHICH DOG? The dog that belongs to my neighbor.- Commas are NOT NEEDED because the adjective clause is necessary as it is telling us WHICH DOG IS BARKING 🐱

What is a NON-ESSENTIAL/NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE?

- Adds information to the sentence but it can be DROPPED WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING OF THE SENTENCE- NEEDS to be set off by commas
EXAMPLE:Milo, the dog that belongs to my neighbor, is barking.
- Commas are NEEDED because the adjective clause is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence since Milo has already been identified

What is an ADVERB?

- An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb- Tells us HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHY?, UNDER WHAT CONDITION?, TO WHAT EXTENT?, or IN WHAT WAY?

What is an ADVERB CLAUSE?

- A INDEPENDENT clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb
- BEGINS WITH A SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION (like AFTER, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, IF, or THAT)
- CAN APPEAR ANYWHERE IN A SENTENCE
- Can be removed from the sentence since THEY ARE NOT GRAMATICALLY NECESSARY

How should ADVERB CLAUSES appear in a sentences?

If an adverb clause is at the BEGINNING of a sentence, it should be followed by a COMMA
EXAMPLE: After we do our homework, we can watch Wild Kratts.
If an adverb clause is in the MIDDLE of a sentence, almost interrupting the sentence, it needs to be set off by TWO COMMAS
EXAMPLE: We know that, after we do our homework, we can watch Wild Kratts.

What is a NOUN CLAUSE?

- A subordinate clause used as a single noun- Used as SUBJECTS, PREDICATE NOMINATIVES, DIRECT OBJECTS, INDIRECT OBJECTS, AND OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION- ARE GRAMMATICALLY NECESSARY TO THE SENTENCE- CAN BE REPLACES BY A PRONOUN (like THIS, SOMEONE, or SOMETHING)- Are NOT generally set off by commas

How can a NOUN CLAUSE act as a SUBJECT?

- Usually comes IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE (NOT ALWAYS)EXAMPLE: Whatever is making you sad will be fixed.
- WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is the SUBJECT since it is the thing that WILL BE FIXED

How can a NOUN CLAUSE act as a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE?

- REMEMBER: THERE CAN NOT BE A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE IS THE VERB FOLLOWING IT IS AN ACTION VERB- Only comes after a LINKING VERB
EXAMPLE:The thing that is being fixed is whatever is making you sad.
- WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is being followed by the LINKING VERB "is"
EXAMPLE OF A SENTENCE WITHOUT A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE:I can fix whatever is making you sad.
- WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is being followed by the ACTION VERB "FIX"- This means WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is now a DIRECT OBJECT

How can a NOUN CLAUSE act as a DIRECT OBJECT?

- FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB
EXAMPLE:I can fix whatever is making you sad.
- WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is the DIRECT OBJECT- WHATEVER IS MAKING YOU SAD is being followed by the ACTION VERB "FIX"

How can a NOUN CLAUSE act as an INDIRECT OBJECT?

- It is like a direct object BUT INSTEAD it focuses on WHO is receiving the action- FOLLOWS AN ACTION VERB
EXAMPLE:I can help whoever is feeling sad.
- WHOEVER IS FEELING SAD is the INDIRECT OBJECT- WHOEVER IS FEELING SAD is being followed by the ACTION VERB "HELP"

How can a NOUN CLAUSE be the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION?

- IT NEEDS TO FOLLOW A PREPOSITION- REMEMBER THE PREPOSITION SONG (if you do not know this i apologize in advance but you are indeed a piece of toast) (i am kidding) (no i am not) (yes i am)
EXAMPLE:I can help give water to whoever is feeling sad.
- "TO" IS THE PREPOSITION- WHOEVER IS FEELING SAD is being followed by the PREPOSITION "TO"