Industrial Revolution and African Empires

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the causes of the Industrial Revolution and significant historical figures and events in West African empires.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of significant agricultural development in Britain that modernized farming through new machines, increased food production, and freed labor.

Enclosure Movement

A historical shift in England where communal farming in open fields was replaced by private fenced lands.

Natural Resource

Any material or substance that exists in nature and is useful for humans.

Spinning Jenny

An invention that revolutionized the textile industry by allowing multiple spools of thread to be spun simultaneously.

Child Labor

The practice of employing children in factories during the Industrial Revolution, often involving dangerous conditions.

Laissez-Faire Economics

An economic theory advocating for minimal government interference in market activities, often linked to the rise of child labor.

Bacterial Revolution

A major advancement in medical science that led to the discovery of bacteria as the cause of diseases and promoted public health improvements.

Upper-Middle Class

A social class that labeled themselves as 'New Aristocrats,' often holding white collar jobs like doctors, professors, and managers.

Mansa Musa

The ruler of the Mali Empire, known as one of the richest individuals in history, particularly famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Salt

A valuable commodity in the Mali Empire that was essential for human survival and traded for gold, ivory, and other goods.

Timbuktu

An important city in the Mali Empire known for its role as a major center of trade and education, particularly for Islamic studies.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Trade routes that crossed the Sahara Desert, facilitating the exchange of gold and salt between West African empires and the Mediterranean.

Sundiata Keita

The founder of the Mali Empire, who overthrew a king and established a powerful trading empire.

Economic Recession

A significant decline in economic activity that Mansa Musa inadvertently triggered in Egypt by distributing large amounts of gold.