Laboratories 12: Cardiovascular System

Heart

base and apex

base of heart

posterior surface of the heart

apex of the heart

lower tip of the heart

Septa and Surface Landmarks

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interatrial septum

divides the right and left atrium

interatrial sulcus

separates the left and right atria

atrioventricular septum

divides right atrium and right ventricle

divides left atrium and left ventricle

coronary sulcus

Groove separating atria from ventricles. AKA Atrioventricular sulcus

interventricular septum

divides right and left septum

anterior interventricular sulcus,

marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

posterior interventricular sulcus

marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

Layers of the Heart Wall

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endocardium

inner lining of the heart, simple squamous epithelium

myocardium

middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue

epicardium/visceral pericardium

outer layer of the heart. composed of simple squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue, and adipose connective tissue

Coverings of the Heart

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visceral pericardium

layer closest to the heart

pericardial cavity

contains serous fluid

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart. parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

fibrous pericardium

dense connective tissue

Heart Chambers

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

right atrium

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Right auricle

AKA right atrial appendage. Little flap

pectinate muscles

has ridges that allow blood to swirl and prevent clotting

fossa ovalis

depression, fetal reminent of the foramen ovale allowing right and left atrial blood transfer

superior vena cava

returns dexoygenated blood from above diaphragm to right atrium

inferior vena cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from below diaphragm to right atrium

coronary sinus

Returns deoxygenated blood from below heart back to right atrium

right atrioventricular orifice

between atrium and ventricle

tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. 3 cusps

Right Ventricle

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trabeculae carneae

allows blood to twirl and prevent clotting

papillary muscles

anchor chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

prevents right and left atrioventricular valves from everting back into atrium

pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents back flow of blood into right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

deoxygenated blood leaves here

right pulmonary artery

takes blood to lungs to get oxygenated. Can see from posterior side

1 rt and lt artery

left pulmonary artery

takes blood to lungs to get oxygenated. Can see from anterior side.

1 rt and lt artery

left atrium

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Left auricle

AKA left atrial appendage. Identify the flap.

right pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the right lung to the left atrium

Left pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the left lung to the left atrium

Left atrioventricular orifice

opening between left atrium and left ventricle. 2 cusps.

bicuspid, mitral, or lt. atrioventricular valve

prevents back flow of blood into left atrium

Left ventricle

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trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles

papillary muscles

anchor chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

prevents right and left atrioventricular valves from everting back into atrium

aortic semilunar valve

prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle

aorta

Largest artery in the body

coronary arteries

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aorta

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left coronary artery

Supplies blood to left heart structures.

anterior interventricular artery/left anterior descending artery

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circumflex artery

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right coronary artery

supplies heart on right side, rungs along interventricular sulcus, can also see on posterior side

right marginal artery

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posterior interventricular artery

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cardiac veins

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great cardiac vein

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middle cardiac vein

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coronary sinus

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arteries within the thorax

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aorta

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ascending aorta

has coronary arteries

aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery: rt common carotid artery, rt subclavian artery

lt. common carotid artery

lt. subclavian artery

brachiocephalic artery

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right common carotid artery

supplies blood to neck and head on right side

right subclavian artery

supplies blood to the right arm

left common carotid artery

supplies blood to neck and head on left side

left subclavian artery

supplies blood to the left arm

ligamentum arteriosum

remnant of ductus arteriosus. connects pulmonary trunk to aortic arch.

descending aorta

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thoracic aorta

contains posterior intercostal arteries

posterior intercostal arteries

supply the vertebrae, spinal cord, intercostal muscles, and deep muscles of the back

Blood Flow Through Heart

1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

2-Right Atrium

3-Tricuspid Valve

4- Right Ventricle

5-Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

6-Pulmonary Trunk

7- Right and Left Pulmonary Artery

8- Right and Left Lungs

9- Right and Left Pulmonary Veins

10- Left Atrium

12- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)

12-Left Ventricle

13- Aortic Semilunar Valve

14- Ascending Aorta

15- Aortic Arch

16- Descending Aorta

Blood Flow To Heart

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Blood Flow to Body

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Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

record of the electrical activity of the heart

p wave

atrial depolarization

QRS Complex

Shows ventricular depolarization. However what actually occurs is ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (gets masked)

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Lub

First heart sound. closing of right and left atrioventricular valves

Dub

Second heart sound. closing of pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

Angina pectoris

chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen

Cardiac Tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium

Myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium

Pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

Congenital birth defects

Abnormalities present at birth, caused by genetic or environmental factors

Congestive Heart Failure

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Coronary Artery disease (CAD)

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Heart Valve Disorders

one of the four heart valves does not open well or does not close tightly

Heart Block

interference with normal conduction of electrical impulses that control activity of the heart muscle

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

heart muscle becomes enlarged and blocks blood flow

Myocardial infarction

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)

Pulmonary arterial hypertesion

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a syndrome in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary arterioles is elevated.

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate