psych behaviorism/learning

occams razor/reductionism

people pick simplest answer bc only observable data is valid

learning formed through associations, and is external

classical conditioning

idea that neutral stimulus will get same response as conditioned stimulus (reflex)

unconditioned response UR

natural reaction to stimulus, a reflex

same as CR

unconditioned stimuli US

stimulus that causes an UR

conditioned response CR

learned response

same as UR

conditioned stimulus

stimuli that causes a CR

acquisition

when NS becomes CR getting a CR (.5s)

extinction

not pairing CS with US (unlearning the CR)

spontaneous recovery

after extinction, still a CR to CS

generalization

generalized CS to similar things, and getting the CR

discrimination

creating a CR for a specific CS (stopping generalization)

biological challenge to classical conditioning/john garcia+bait shyness

rats got sick after eating something, avoided it later even if they got sick up to 24 hrs later, shows natural selection/darwin. behaviorism is limited by cognitive and biological aspects

cognitive challenges to classical conditioning/predictability

rats react to a reliable CS tone more than an unreliable one light bc they predict the tone is a better indicator

ivan pavlov

classical conditioning, dogs salivating

john watson/little albert

emotions can be conditioned. white rats

NS-rats, US-loud noise, UR-crying. pair US and CS to condition a response

albert generalized his fear, Watson tried to extinguish and was unsuccessful

edward thorndike

radical behaviorist, rewarded behavior likely to recur

says everything in mind is inaccessible, says cognition plays no role in human behavior

operant conditioning

behavior strengthened with reinforcer, diminished by punisher

reinforcers

guides behavior ex: food/praise/yelling, can be pos or neg

reinforcement

any event that strengthens or speeds up frequency of response

primary reinforcer

biologically satisfying stimulus, ex food when hungry, stopping a shock

secondary reinforcer

learned through association with primary reinforcer, ex light to get food or stop shock

positive reinforcement

positive stimuli, ex food/rewards after desired response

negative reinforcement

negative stimuli, ex shock, that is removed after desirable response

positive punishment

carrying out undesirable stimulus after undesirable response

negative punishment

withdrawing a desirable stimulus after undesirable response

fixed ratio schedules

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

fixed interval schedules

reinforce first response after a set time period

variable ratio schedules

reinforce after varying number of responses

best performing, gambling

variable interval schedules

reinforce first response after varying time interval

biological challenge to operant conditioning/imprinting

certain species forming attachment in few hours/days after birth without reinforcement

Konrad lorenz

cognitive challenges to operant conditioning/latent learning and cognitive maps

edward tolman, rats in maze experiment

latent learning when rats formed mental map of environment/maze, only showed learning of map with rewards.

cognitive challenges to operant conditioning/over justification effect

when reward turns into work (turning hobby into job)

cognitive challenges to operant conditioning/learned helplessness

martin seligman, control dogs jumped quickly, 2/3 of strapped dogs did not, some had to be pushed over 200 times

bf skinner

key contributor in psychology of learning

Skinner box had a bar or key that animal used to get reward

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement when desirable response happens

shaping

reinforcers guiding behavior towards desirable outcome

partial schedule

reinforce sometimes reward sometimes not

neccessary conditions to learn from others acasf

appropriateness of model in scenario

consistent behavior

authority seeming to impose

social proof of following by example

friendly/likeable models more compliant

Sabido method

good model, bad model, relatable/neither model

margaret matlin

cognition??? equity???