Pathways to development

Switzerland

________ has a high GDP per capita, and has the highest ranking for knowledge economy and world innovation ranking (it was 7 years in a row in 2017)

Croatia

________- system of public consultation on laws, Denmark- MindLab, which was a cross- governmental innovation unit that is now into its second decade, it involves both citizens and businesses and is called a public innovation lab.

Assumption of risk

________ and responsibility in designing and implementing a business strategy or starting a business.

Trickle

________- down "effect, provides a good claim and counter claim paragraph.

Nussbaum

________: basic capabilities of all humans: o Live a life of normal length o Good health, nutrition and shelter o Mobility to use senses, imagine, think, reason and have an education that nourishes these o Mobility to live for others and show concern for other humans o Mobility to laugh and enjoy recreation.

Washington Consensus

________: Created wedges between reform and the realities of implementation.

Skill

________ set required for sustainable citizenship: o Open interaction o System of inputs and feedback o Adding value in the form of ideas o Ability to adequately acquire support for government decisions o Ability to influence government decisions.

Education

________ promotes sustainable development by encouraging the young to assume responsibility for the future.

Modernisation theory o

________ Argues that through increased investment, increased exposure to modernised, Western society, and changes in traditional culture and values, societies will become more highly developed.

Good health results

________ in better work and increased productivity o Also enables children to benefit from education o Good health care enables greater saving by individuals and families.

Education empowers

________ citizens to make informed and better decisions.

political dimensions of issues

Building citizenship skills: o Ability to scrutinise problems at the local and community levels (awareness + information) o Ability to recognise social, economic, ecological and ________ o Ability to participate in steps taken towards a sustainable future.

World Bank Structural Adjustment Programme

________- reforms required prior to providing any loans.

social aim

A(n) ________ is explicitly fulfilled or aimed to be fulfilled through the creation of a complementary currency Approaches to developing society.

Washington Consensus

________ o 10 policy reforms originally targeted at Latin America to address economic instability  Tax reform  Trade liberalisation  De- regulation  Privatisation  Inward foreign direct investment o It was a level of agreement between the IMF, World Bank, and USA department of the treasury, on policy recommendations for developing countries o Operation of the free market and the reduction of state involvement were crucial to development in the global South.

Marxist foundation o Structure of world economy  Unequal system of trade  Core (industrialised countries)

periphery (developing countries) -Core exploits periphery + has interest in maintaining this imbalance o Evidence

• Developing countries

• High tariffs (tax) to protect industries (often on imports)

• Overvalued currencies which made importation of inputs cheaper - - - Subsidised industries Consequences: High levels of borrowing Corruption Pressure to change strategies to Neoliberal theories

World Bank Structural Adjustment Programme

reforms required prior to providing any loans

Washington Consensus

Created wedges between reform and the realities of implementation

Mixed results

some countries thrived; others stagnated

Benefits of Tourism

- Improved transportation
-Blurring of borders
-Promotion

Preconditions

• Sound infrastructure

• Government policies freeing up markets o Stable institutions Knowledge economy

Basic requirements (World Bank)

-Educated + trained workforce
-Sound infrastructure o Environment conducive to the dispersal of knowledge
- Appropriate HR

Skill set required for sustainable citizenship

o Open interaction o System of inputs and feedback o Adding value in the form of ideas o Ability to adequately acquire support for government decisions o Ability to influence government decisions

Building citizenship skills

o Ability to scrutinise problems at the local and community levels (awareness + information) o Ability to recognise social, economic, ecological and political dimensions of issues o Ability to participate in steps taken towards a sustainable future

Overt results

o Greater life expectancy o More education o Laws favouring equal rights

Empowering women may be achieved by

o Educating girls o Changing cultural stereotypes and expectations o Challenging social norms o Allowing women to own businesses and earn equal wage o Allowing women to access political, cultural , economic and social positions of power

Impact of empowering women

o Higher proportion of earnings reinvested in family o 20% increase in child survival rate when mothers control the household income o Less corruption o Women take control of their bodies More ecological living

Adams and Jeanrenaud

as economies grow, environmental degradation increases