PSY 101 gvsu galen final exam questions and answers ( GUARANTEED SUCCESS )

habituation

expectations escalate once a higher level is reached. not objective $, but the difference from what you are used to

Relative comparison

people do not compare "what I need to be comfortable" but "compared to those who have most"

What people are the most happy?

Denmark, Norway, and Scandinavian countries

durability bias

overestimate duration of future emotional reactions

ordinization

new/special events become part of normal life

hedonic treadmill

moods adapt to external circumstances

focalism

future events do not occur in a vacuum, other events will occur simultaneously

presentism

imagining, from your current state, how something would look, and feel is better than how you feel (shopping while hungry or if you just ate)

rationalization

how are things evaluated after you get them (stuff, jobs, people)

situationalism

overarching view of social psych

ostracism

being excluded, negative feelings

comparing upward (to superiors)...

can lower esteem but can help us improve

downward comparison (to perceived inferiors)...

when self-concept is threatened, it can be boosted by

fundamental attribution error

tendency to attribute others' behavior to their dispositions and our own behaviors to our situations. doing the opposite for our own behavior

mass hysteria

contagious outbreaks of irrational behavior spread (ticks, etc)

social contagion

effects of social influence

conformity

the tendency to alter behavior as a result of group pressure (horizontal influence)

ex: similar line test and all say the wrong answer so the one says what everyone else said, even though he knows it was wrong (ASCH)

vertical influence

the tendency to do what people of higher authority tell us to do (obedience)

Milgrim Experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgrim to see how far ordinary people would go to obey scientific authority figure. this was the shock test

informed consent

were participants fully informed that they had the right to terminate? prepared for possible risks?

absence of coercion

were they coerced into staying and complying? (are high payments coercive?)

deception

was deception used?

debriefing

were they fully debriefed?

justification: benefits>risks

did the benefits of the studies justify the above?

pluralistic ignorance

majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume incorrectly that others accept

diffusion of responsibility

less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

Bystander Nonintervention

when people see someone in need but fail to help them

prosocial behavior

behavior intended to help others

Good Samaritan study

A person in a hurry is less likely to stop and help a homeless person or someone who is suffering

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state of tension between two opposing thoughts. motivates us to reduce or eliminate it

attitude (in context of behavior)

belief including emotional components. only moderately correlated with actual behaviors unless highly accessible

just world belief

assumption that the world is "fair" (ex: everything happens for a reason, good is rewarded; evil is punished)

stereotype

generalized belief about a group of people that is applied to an individual

prejudice

arrive at a negative attitude before evaluating the evidence

scapegoat theory

outgroup members are blamed for misfortune

ingroup

people whom we share a common identity "us"

outgroup

perceived as apart from the in-group "them"

implicit

unconscious biases of which we are not aware

authoritarianism

obedience to authority, aggress against out-groups, conformity

belief in a dangerous world

world is a scary place

system justification

rationalize status quo as legitimate, openness to experience, trait marked by curious, unconventional

social dominance

prefer social hierarchy

discrimination

unequal treatment of members of different groups

personality

relatively enduring predispositions or traits; influences behavior across situations and over time

idiographic approach

study of the individual, with unique agency and life history (e.g., case study)

nomothetic approach

study of classes or cohorts of individuals (e.g., group personality tests)

sigmund freud

neurologist, first comprehensive theory of personality

reciprocal determinism

behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment, conditioned through consequences.

factor analysis

statistical pattern of correlations reduces items to underlying components.

openness to experience

curious / unconventional vs traditional

conscientiousness

careful / responsible vs scattered / lazy

extraversion

social / lively vs shy

agreeableness

friendly / trusting vs distrustful / difficult

neuroticism

tense / moody vs calm / relaxed

incremental validity

does the test add anything beyond more basic, easily collected information

carl rogers

rejected determinism and embraced free will

self-actualization

core motive in personality

conditions of worth

expectations we place on ourselves can result in incongruence

moslow's hierarchy

a hierarchy of needs. the top is self-actualization, then esteem, then love/belonging, then safety, then physiological

impression management

lie detects _____ in structured personality tests