Cells (Freshman Bio Honors)

Prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

involved in lipid synthesis and lacks ribosomes. detoxifies cells

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

encloses the cell, regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Cell Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

plant cell vacuole

one large central vacuole; absorbs water and causes cells to expand; can contain colorful pigments or poisons

animal cell vacuole

smaller vacuole that Stores food, water, waste and other cellular materials.

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Bacterial DNA

circular DNA molecule

Eukaryotic DNA

Linear chromosomes within the nucleus.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

first evolved 2.1 billion years ago

Eukaryote

First evolved cells

Bacteria and Archaea (type of bacteria)

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Endosymbiotic Cell Theory

Explains how complex eukaryotic organisms developed from prokaryotes. It states that larger single-celled organisms engulfed smaller prokaryotes and formed a symbiotic relationship with them.

nucleiod region

The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell

Centrioles and lysosomes are two organelles in animals cells that are not found in most plant cells. Likewise, plant cells have central vacuoles, cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not in animal cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells (BACTERIA) are unorganized and don't have a nucleus