marine quiz: lab safety, time periods, and convection currents

wear safety goggles when working with…

chemicals, flames, or heating devices

or if possibility of flying debris

proper attire in the lab

footwear that completely covers the foot, long hair tied back, no loose clothing

if a chemical spills on your skin…

notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes

what do you never do with a test tube when being heated

never look into a container as you are heating it

never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others

never heat in a closed container

when is it acceptable to mix chemicals?

when you are instructed to do so

which chemicals are considered dangerous?

all chemicals

when diluting an acid….

pour the acid into the water

light microscope

used to study living organisms when a low magnification is needed

electron scanning microscope

used to study the surface of materials that must be non-living, this has a resolution of about 2 nm

dissecting microscope

used to view the three-dimensional objects and larger specimens up to 100x. study the outside features of an object that cannot be mounted on a slide.

13.7 billion years ago there were 4 main forces, known as the singularity. What are these forces?

1. weak nuclear

2. strong nuclear

3. gravity

4. electromagnetic

led to big bang

earth formed…

4.6 billion years ago and began as a volcanic planet

how earth get its oceans when it first formed?

water vapor condenses into clouds, rained for 10,000 years giving ½ of our oceans and the rest came from comets

which time period had no atmosphere and ended with the formation of the atmosphere?

precambrian

which time period was known as the age of fishes due to the evolution of tetrapods?

devonian

which time period was the pangaea formed in?

devonian (416-358 million years ago)

which time period included a mass extinction of 90% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species?

permian

which time period did reptiles get large and volcanoes melted ice caps?

permian (carbon dioxide leads to global warming which sets the stage for dinos)

which time period did dinosaurs and birds rule in with small mammals ruling towards the end??

jurassic/cretaceous (another extinction)

which time period included the evolution of man and the formation of modern oceans?

Miocene

which time period put the earth in a cooling phase due to a decrease in carbon dioxide? (mammals also evolved during this time)

paleocene

Which time periods did the movement of man occur in?

pleistocene

what are the 4 layers of the geosphere?

crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core

which layer of the earth is the thinnest layer and outermost layer

crust

which layer of the earth is the thickest layer of hot, semisolid rock?

mantle

which layer of the earth is made up of molten metals (liquid)?

outer core

which layer of the earth is a hot ball of solid metal?

inner core

what does the lithosphere contain?

crust and upper mantle

which German scientists proposed the idea of the continental drift?

alfred wegener

what does the theory of plate tectonics suggest?

the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates

10 major tectonic plates that move 2-5 cm every year

what are the 3 major boundaries types

divergent, convergent and transform

how do divergent plates act?

separate from each other, building new land (constructive)

the asthenosphere pushes up magma, cools, and becomes new land

seabed spreads and mid-ocean ridges forms

youngest rock in middle, oldest at the edges

how do transform plates act?

plates slide alongside each other (neutral)

create earthquakes and tsunamis

what are the three types of convergent boundaries?

continental-continental

continental-oceanic

oceanic-oceanic

how do the continental-continental boundaries act?

neutral, rock and earth is pushed upwards creating mountain ranges

how do the continental-oceanic boundaries act?

destructive, oceanic plate (more dense) sinks under the continental and melts into magma within the mantle - known as subduction

what forms as a result of subduction and continental-oceanic boundaries?

trenches and volcanoes

how do the oceanic-oceanic boundaries act?

destructive

older, more dense plate sinks beneath other, as it melts, land and lava are pushed up and creates island arcs -Japan

what is some evidence that backs up continental drift?

similar species of plant and animals, mountain ranges line up, and age of rock is the same

how does the convection current work?

happens when mantle moves bc of density changes caused by temp differences

rock moves closer to the core and warm up, becomes less dense and rises upward towards the crust

as rock cools, it becomes more dense and sinks towards warmer core

cycle continues

what are paleomagnetic stripes

the pattern of magnetic stripes on the ocean floor due to reversals in the earth’s magnetic field and seafloor spreading

explain paleomagnetism

seafloor contains paleomagnetic stripes

within igneous rocks are a naturally magnetic iron mineral called magnetite

the magnetite will face the direction of the North Pole at that time

earth’s magnetic field reverses every 250,000 years, changing North to south