Animal Phyla (Chordates)

What are the shared characteristics of all chordates?

1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal slits
4. post-anal tail

Which subphyla of Chordata include tunicates, lancelets (amphioxus), and sea squirts?

1. Urochordata (tunicates)

2. Cephalochordata

(lancelets (amphioxus)

and sea squirts)

What is the body symmetry in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

triploblasts (Eumetazoa)

Does Urochordata/Cephalochordata have coeloms?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

heart

What is the nervous system in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

primitive

What is the respiratory system in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

none (diffusion)

What is the digestive system in Urochordata/Cephalochordata?

alimentary canal

Where do organisms in Urochordata/Cephalochordata live?

marine environments

What structural component do organisms in Urochordata/Cephalochordata lack?

vertebrae

How long do organisms in Cephalochordata possess a notochord?

through adulthood

How long do organisms in Urochordata possess a notochord?

only as larvae

Organisms in Urochordata have tunics composed of what material?

cellulose

How do organisms in Urochordata obtain food?

filter feeding (heterotrophic)

How do organisms in Cephalochordata obtain food?

particles get trapped in secreted mucus

Which superclass of Chordata contains hagfish and lampreys (jawless fish)

Agnatha

What is the body symmetry in Agnatha?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Agnatha?

triploblast (Eumetazoa)

Do agnathans have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Agnatha?

two chambered heart

What is the nervous system in Agnatha?

complete, brain

What is the respiratory system in Agnatha?

gills

What is the digestive system in Agnatha?

alimentary canal

What type of skeleton do agnathans possess?

cartilaginous skeleton

What type of skeletal system do hagfish possess?

skull, vertebrae but no vertebral column

What substance composes the biting structures in jawless fish?

keratin

Which class of Chordata contains sharks (cartilaginous fish)?

Chondrichthyes

What is the body symmetry in Chondrichthyes?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Chondrichthyes?

triploblast (Eumetazoa)

Do organisms in Chondrichthyes contain a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Chondrichthyes?

two chambered heart

What is the nervous system in Chondrichthyes?

complete, brain

What is the respiratory system in Chondrichthyes?

gills

What is the digestive system in Chondrichthyes?

alimentary canal

From Chondrichthyes to more advanced organisms, what stage in development is the notochord present?

only in the embryonic stage

(Note: replaced by vertebrae in adulthood)

Which class of Chordata contains salmon and halibut (bony fish)

Osteichthyes

What is the body symmetry in Osteichthyes?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Osteichthyes?

triploblast (Eumetazoa)

do organisms in Osteichthyes have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Osteichthyes?

two chambered heart

What is the nervous system in Osteichthyes?

complete, brain

what is the respiratory system in Osteichthyes?

gills

What is the digestive system in Osteichthyes?

alimentary canal

What are the distinguishing structural features of organisms in Osteichthyes?

1. scales
2. bony skeleton

Which class of Chordata contains frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts?

Amphibia

What is the body symmetry in Amphibia?

bilateral

What is the embryonic development in Amphibia?

triploblasts (Eumetazoa)

Do amphibians have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the nervous system in Amphibia?

complete, brain

What is the circulatory system in Amphibia?

three chambered heart

what is the respiratory system in Amphibia?

1. gills (juvenile)
2. lungs (adult)

What is the digestive system in Amphibia?

alimentary canal

What term describes how amphibian' body temperatures vary with the environment?

cold-blooded (poikolthermic)

Where do amphibian larvae live?

aquatic habitats

Where do amphibian adults live?

land habitats

What structures in amphibian ears transmit vibrations?

tympanic membrane
and stapes

Which class of Chordata contains duckbill platypuses, kangaroos, and humans?

Mammalia

What is the body symmetry in Mammalia?

bilateral

Do mammals have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Mammalia?

four chambered heart

What is the nervous system in Mammalia?

complete, brain

What is the respiratory system in Mammalia?

lungs

What is the digestive system in Mammalia?

alimentary canal

Which chordates are amniotes?

birds, mammals,
and reptiles

(Note: an animal
whose embryo
develops in an
amnion and chorion
and has an allantois)

What texture are the eggs in Monotremata?

leathery

Where do young receive milk in Monotremata?

mother's fur

(Note: mammary
glands with many
openings - no nipples)

Which term describes how marsupials temperature does not change with the environment?

warm-blooded (homothermic)

What is the relative length of the gestation period in marsupials?

short

(Note: young born
extremely premature
and crawl into marsupium)

What is the relative length of the lactation period in marsupials?

prolonged

How is the fetus supported in mammals such as bats, whales, mice, and humans?

placenta

Which class of Chordata contains turtles, snakes, crocodiles, and alligators?

Reptilia

What is the body symmetry in Reptilia?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Reptilia?

triploblast (Eumetazoa)

Do reptiles have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Reptilia?

three chambered heart

(Note: crocodiles have 4 chambered)

What is the nervous system in Reptilia?

complete, brain

What is the respiratory system in Reptilia?

lungs

What is the digestive system in Reptilia?

alimentary canal

How does a reptile's blood vary with the environment?

cold-blooded (poikolthermic)

What is the main habitat for reptiles?

land

What is the texture of reptilian eggs?

leathery

Which type of fertilization occurs in Reptilia?

internal fertilization

Which class of Chordata contains eagles and blue jays?

Aves

What is the body symmetry in Aves?

bilateral

What is the tissue organization in Aves?

triploblast (Eumetazoa)

Do birds have a coelom?

coelomate

What is the circulatory system in Aves?

four chambered heart

What is the nervous system in Aves?

complete, brain

What is the respiratory system in Aves?

lungs

What is the digestive system in Aves?

alimentary canal

How do birds' blood respond to the environment?

warm-blooded (homothermic)

What is the texture of eggs in Aves?

shelled

What are the modified scales in Aves?

feathers