Exam 1 - Nutrition

Who was the founder of the Science of Nutrition

Antoine Lavoisier

What does the “fire of life” mean

Burning Calories

The cost of feeding and providing the feed takes up about % - % of total livestock production

45% - 75%

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that the animal cannot synthesize or in adequate amounts synthesize

What nutrients are not synthesized at all by the animal?

Vitamin A

What are non-Essential nutrients?

Nutrients that the animal does NOT need in the diet. They can synthesize these nutrients themselves, provided adequate precursors are available.

What amino acids can be synthesized by the body?

Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Glycine

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Water

Carbs

Fats

Protein

Minerals

Vitamins

What nutrients is there no strict requirement?

Carbs

T/F- Proteins can be stored

False

T/F- Vitamins can be stored

True

What is the dry matter calculation?

(DW / AS FED) x 100 = DM%

What is the #1 most limiting nutrient to all other processes in our bodies?

Water

Water makes up %-% of the animals body weight at birth.

65% - 85%

Water makes up %-% of an animals body weight at maturity.

45% - 60%

Blood is %-% water.

90% - 95%

Where can intraceluar water be found?

mainly in the muscle and skin

Where can extracellular water be found?

mainly interstitial fluids

Functions of Water:

_________________ of nutrients and excretions

Transportation

Functions of Water:

_________ _________, and used as a solvent

Chemical Reactions

Functions of Water:

Body Temp ______

Regulation

Functions of Water:

Maintain Shape of ____ _____

Body cells

Functions of Water:

Lubrication of Cushioning of __________ and ________

Joint surfaces and Organs

Restriction of water can lead too:

Decreased balance of electrolytes (Na, K) and Nitrogen

Pasture contains up to __% water

90%

Silage contains up to %-% water

50% - 70%

Grain based diet contains %-% water

8%-30% water

T/F: as DM consumption increases, water consumption will increase

True

Consuming what will increase water intake?

Fiber, salt, or protein (Water is needed to break these down)

“Good” water should have less than ____mg/Liter total dissolved solids (TDS)

2500mg

T/F: Water containing >1g/liter sulfates may cause diarrhea

True

Water with nitrate levels above ___-____ppm can be toxic

100-200ppm

Minimum water consumption is most often calculated as:

1 gal per 100lb BW

Retention of 1g of protein or glycogen requires __ of H2O

3g of H2O

Retention of 1g of aft requires __ of H2O

0.1g H2O

Mammals needs water at the rate of ____ times the weight of feed consumed.

2-3 Times

Lactation needs are __ times the weight of milk produced.

4-5 times

_________ from the lungs and dissipation through the skin (insensible losses)

Vaporization

T/F: Monogastrics cannot break down Cellulose

True

What percentage of each element are in Carbs

C(40%) H(7%) O(53%)

CHO makes up about __ of plant dry weight

¾

T/F: Grains=starch and Grass/Hay=Cellulose

True

Where are carbs stored?

Muscle and Liver Glycogen

What are classified as a Monosaccharide?

Hexoses and Pentoses

What kind of sugars are hexoses?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, and Mannose

What kind of sugars are pentoses?

Arabinose, Xylose, and Ribose

What kind of sugars are classified as a disaccharide?

Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose

Sucrose is aka

Table Sugar

What makes up sucrose?

(glucose + fructose)

What makes up maltose?

(glucose + glucose)

What makes up lactose?

(galactose + glucose)

______ is the sweetest of all CHO with it being 173%

Fructose

Homopolysaccharides

contain only one type of saccharide unit - STARCH

Polysaccharides serve as _____ _______ in plants

Energy Storage

Starch only refers to _________ and _______

Amylose and Amylopectin

Which is the digestible portion of starch?

Amylose

T/F: Amylose is soluble in hot water

True

Which sugar molecule has straight chins of d-glucose

Amylose

what is the linkage of Amylose

alpha-1-4

Amylopectin -

starch stored by plants

Amylopectin has one of the largest molecular weight in nature

1,000,000

Glycogen is a starch stored by _______ and is more heavily branched

Animals

What is the single most abundant organic compound in the world?

Cellulose

What kind of bonds hold cellulose together?

beta-1-4

T/F: Gut microorganisms are required to cleave beta-1-4 bonds.

True

Hemicellulose is easily digested by _________

herbivores

CHO is source of ______ and _____

Energy and Heat

How much of CHO make up a lipid?

C - 77% H - 12% O - 11%

Fats yeild 2.25x the energy than typical CHO which is

9.45Kcal

What is the typical KCAL for CHO

4.20

What are carriers of Cholesterol

Lipoprotein

Fatty acids consist of ________ ranging from 2-24 in length and a carboxyl group on the end.

C-chains

Saturated fatty acids are more ______, and have a _______ melting point compared to unsaturated fatty acids. (they _______ double bonds)

stable, higher, DO NOT

Unsaturated fatty acids _______ double bonds and more ________ than saturated fatty acids.

DO HAVE, unstable

_____________ fatty acids have a lower melting point.

Short Chain

__________ fatty acids have a higher melting point

Long chain

What are the essential fatty acids? Hint: LLA

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A,D,E,K

Oil seeds are %-% lipids

18-25%

Grains are %-% lipids

2-4%

DDG’s are %-% lipids

6-10%

What is the normal digestibility of fats?

80-90%

What percent of CHO makes it protein?

C - 53% H - 23% O - 16% some S and P

Proteins are ________ molecules

large

What are the building blocks of protein?

Amino acids

Proteins are _____ amino acids, linked by _______ bonds.

22, peptide

What of the Aromatic amino acids are essential?

Phenylalanine and Tryptophan

What of the Sulfur Containing amino acids are essential?

Methionine

What of the Basic Amino acids are essential?

Histidine, Arginine, Lysine

What of the Aliphatic amino acids are essential?

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine

___________ proteins only yeild amino acids upon hydrolysis

Simple

_______ proteins make up about 30% of total protein in the animal body as connective tissue

fibourus

what is “true” protein?

protein composed of only amino acids

NPN can only be used by ______

rumens

Why can non-protein nitrogen (NPN) only be used by rumens?

nitrogen can only be converted to protein by microbes

What are the 12 essential amino acids? hint: PVT TIM HALL

Phenylaniline, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine

Digestion is the _____________ ______ of nutrients, while Absorption is the _________ _____ of nutrients.

Breakings down, taking up

For poultry, what amino acids are added t the list of “essential amino acids”

Glycine and proline

For cats, what amino acids are added to the list of “essential amino acids”?

Taurine