AP2 Exam 1 Review

postsynaptic sympathetic neurons

visceral neurons that begin at a ganglion and carry signal to target organ (e.g. stomach); LONG except adrenal medulla

postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons

visceral neurons that begin at a ganglion and carry signal to target organ (e.g. stomach); SHORT

rods

photoreceptor: allow us to see in dim light (nighttime) but not color; most numerous

cones

photoreceptor: allows you to see colors and used in times of bright light (daytime)

fibrous tunic

outer layer of eye; consists of sclera (white), cornea (transparent), canal of Schlem (brings excess aqueous humor back to veins)

vascular tunic

middle layer of eye; contains more blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, eye muscles; regulates amount of light entering eye; secretes and absorbs aqueous humor; controls lens shape

• iris

• ciliary body

• choroid

• ora serrata

• pupil

neural tunic

inner layer of eye; aka retina; includes pigmented (outer, absorbs light) and neural (inner, integrates visual info) parts

general senses

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

special senses

olfaction, vision, gustation, equilibrium, hearing

insulin; beta cells

hormone released when glucose levels increase + the cell that secretes it

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glucagon; alpha cells

hormone released when glucose levels decrease + the cell that secretes it

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light; visual

The neural tunic converts _____ into _____ information.

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pancreas; alpha cells; beta cells; delta cells; F-cells

Where are the islets of Langerhans found? What are the 4 cells found in islets of Langerhans?

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alpha cell

islet cell that produces glucagon in response to decreased glucose levels

beta cell

islet cell that produces insulin in response to increased glucose levels

delta cell

islet cell that produces GH-IH

F-cell

islet cell that produces pancreatic polypeptide

nociceptor

pain receptors; type A (myelinated) axon “prickles”; type C (unmyelinated) axon “burns”

thermoreceptors

temperature receptors; consist of free nerve endings; use same pathway as pain; eventually stabilize in same temperature; located in dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, hypothalamus

chemoreceptors

receptors that respond to O2, CO2, pH in surrounding fluid; consist of free nerve endings; located in aortic arch and carotid arteries

mechanoreceptors

receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that distort/change their cell membranes

• 3 classes: tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

tactile receptors

mechanoreceptors that detect touch, pressure, and vibration; touch gives information about shape/texture

• free nerve endings

• root hair plexes

• tactile disc

• tactile corpuscles

• lamellated corpuscles

• Ruffini corpuscles

baroreceptors

mechanoreceptors that detect pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and urinary tract

• free nerve endings

proprioceptors

mechanoreceptors that monitor the location of joints and muscles

• muscle spindles

• Golgi tendon organs

• free nerve endings

T4 thyroxine

tetraiodothyronine; more produced; 4 iodines; produced in thyroid gland

T3 thyroxine

triiodothyronine; more active; 3 iodines; produced in thyroid gland

calcitonin (CT)

produced in thyroid gland; activated by high Ca2+ levels; removes Ca2+ from body fluids; stimulates osteoblast activity (builds bone)

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathormone; absorbs Ca2+ into body fluids; stimulates osteoclast activity (bone breakdown)

preganglionic fibers

fibers that leave CNS and synapse on postganglionic neurons

postganglionic fibers

fibers in PNS; begin at a ganglion and carry signal to target organ

malleus

ossicle that attaches the tympanic membrane

incus

middle ossicle that attaches to the other two ossicles

stapes

ossicle that attaches to the inner ear

zona glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids

What is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex + what does it produce?

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zona fasciculate; glucocorticoids

What is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex + what does it produce?

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zona reticularis; sex hormones

What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex + what does it produce?

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auricle (pinna)

external ear; collects and directs sound toward external auditory canal

semicircular canals

control rotational movement to maintain equilibrium

utricle and sacule

control stationary/gravity or linear movement to maintain equilibrium

IGF-1

When growth hormone is delivered into the bloodstream, the insulin-like growth factor _____ is produced by the liver.

tympanic membrane

1. Sound waves first arrive at the _____ _____.

ossicles

2. Movement of tympanic membrane causes movement of the _____.

stapes; pressure waves

3. Movement of _____ at oval window causes _____ _____ on perilymph of vestibular duct.

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basilar membrane

4. The pressure waves distort the _____ _____ on the way toward the round window of the tympanic duct.

tectorial membrane

5. Movement of basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the _____ _____. This vibration opens ion channels, depolarizing the cell and releasing the neurotransmitter to stimulate sensory neurons.

VIII

6. Information sent by nerve ___ to CNS.

parafollicular (C) cells

cells found in thyroid gland; produce CT

sympathetic chain ganglia

sympathetic ganglia that lie on both sides of vertebral column

collateral ganglia

sympathetic ganglia that lie anterior to vertebral column

fungiform

tongue papillae that detect primary tastes

epinephrine and norepinephrine

2 key sympathetic nervous system hormones

acetylcholine (ACh)

key parasympathetic nervous system hormone

III; VII; IX; X

Mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata contain nuclei associated with which 4 cranial nerves, aka the preganglionic neurons?

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vagus (X)

75% of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the _____ (__) nerve.

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alpha 1 receptor

sympathetic receptor: causes Ca2+ to enter cell, causing cell contraction

beta 2 receptor

sympathetic receptor: activation causes dilation of smooth muscles in respiratory tract and blood vessels

middle ear

ear region that consists of petrous portion of the temporal bone

inner ear

ear region that contains sensory organs for hearing

hypothalamus

links nervous and endocrine systems; regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual behavior, fear

tympanic membrane

Where are sound waves converted into mechanical movements in the ear?

posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis; gland that does not produce hormone but stores 2:

• ADH (kidney water retention)

• OT (labor and lactation)

anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis; “master gland”; produces most of pituitary’s hormones (7)”

• ACTH (stress resistance)

• TSH (T3/T4/CT release)

• FSH (follicle/sperm development)

• LH (estrogen/progesterone/testosterone production)

• PRL (milk production)

• GH (muscle/bone growth)

• MSH (melanocyte stimulation)

cornea

transparent part of eye; found in fibrous tunic

luteinizing hormone (LH)

anterior pituitary hormone that causes production of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone; causes maturation of follicles and ovulation; activated by GnRH

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

follitropin; anterior pituitary hormone that promotes development of follicle and estrogen secretion in females and causes sperm production in males; activated by GnRH