chapter 10: genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes

Are produced by bacteria, which then use them to cut DNA of invading viruses

Restriction Enzymes

Can cut DNA almost anywhere we would like

Agarose gel electrophoresis

Can separate dna fragments

DNA fingerprints

Combination of restriction enzyme digestion of DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A test used to determine if a person has (COVID 19) in their bloodstream

What does polymerase chain reaction (PCR) do

Amplifies the pretense of a single small piece of dna many million of times so that it stands out in the background

TAQ dna polymerase

Is isolated from the bacterium THERMUS AQUATICUS -is an obligate thermophile and grows at very high temperature

Genetic engineering

Moving or altering genes to produce useful products

Plasmid

A small, self replicating, circular piece of dna

Producing a foreign protein

Bacterial cell will transcribe the game on the plasmid and produce the protein just like any bacterial protein

Creating plants with new traits

1. A gene for a desired trait is inserted into a plasmid

2. Plasmid is used to transform agrobacterium (which infects plants )

3. Plant cells are infected with transgenic agrobacterium

4. Some cells will incorporate the gene and express the new trait

Creating animals with new traits

1. Animals can be engineered to produce new proteins in their meat or milk or semen

2. A gene for a desirable trait is inserted into a plasmid Plasmid

3. Micro injections can be used to insert new genes directly into fertilized egg

CRISPR/ CAS-9

Is a system that bacterial cells naturally use to remove integrated viral dna

What does CRISPR allow scientist to do

Allows scientists to to edit dna more precisely, for example edit a bad gene out of every cell in the human body

Gene therapy

Can be used to correct specific genetic defects

Steps of gene therapy

1, healthy gene is inserted into a virus, which is then used to infect a patient

Virus willl enter the appropriate cell and insert into hosts dna

The corrected gene will be expressed to produce heathy protein

Luxturna

Treats lebers congenital amaurosis

Zolgensma

Cures spinal muscular atrophy

GAATTC is the same as

CTTAAG

E Coli recognition sequence

GAATTC

CTTAAG

Haemophilus influenza recognition sequence

AAGCTT

TTCGAA

Proteus Vulgaris recognition sequence

CAGCTG

GTCGAC

Bacillus globigii recognition sequence

AGATCT

TCTAGA

A fingerprint- a combination of restriction enzymes digestion of DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis

Genetic engineering

1. Human, animal, microorganism, or plant cells

2. DNA of interest is isolated or produced from mRNA

3. DNA is inserted into vector

4. Microbial cloning host is tranformed when it picks up vector with foreign DNA

5. Multiplication of cloning host to amplify gene

6. Transformed cell processes foreign DNA into protein or growth of tranformed cell supplies DNA for study and engineering of other organisms

What microbe is best used to produce proteins

E. coli ( rapid turnover, fast growth rate, nonpathogenic, and more)

Plasmid

Amplifying gene

What is cut off always matches the vector

CRISPER RNA

synthesizes that binds to the site where dna has integrated into the genome

CAS-9

Is an endonuclease that cuts DNA wherever CRISPER binds, allowing viral DNA to be removed

Gene therapy