Biology EOC Review

Karyotype

A picture of organized chromosomes (All lions have the same _________)

10%

How much energy is transferred to the next trophic level?

Food Chain

Pros

• Shows only one path of energy

• It can show where things may go wrong if one species is removed

Cons

• Misconception that certain consumers only eat one species

Food web

Pros

• Shows all relations in an ecosystem

• You can see how the removal of one species could affect the entire ecosystem

Cons

• Misconception created that organisms at the top eat everything in the ____ ___

Owl

What animal is the energy flowing to?

Energy Pyramid

Pros

• Shows how much energy is being passed on

• Shows a low number of animals

Cons

• You can’t display more than 4 trophic levels

Primary Succession

What Process is being shown?

Barren Land

On what land does primary succession occur?

Low growing plants (moss, small ferms, lichens)

What organisms are colonizers?

Primary Succession

barren land is first colonized by plants (No nutrients in the beginning)

Secondary Succession

What process is being shown?

Secondary Succession

when a climax community or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance.

Climax Community

the “endpoint” of succession

Seral Community

each community that changes is called a _____ _________

Plagioclimax Community

The climax community developed from a deflected succession

Macromolecule

Big arrangements of molecules that create energy to survive (come from food)

Monomer

Made of small molecules

• Saccharide

• Glucose

Polymer

Small molecules made into large chains

• Polysaccharides

• Starch

• Cellulose

• Glycogen

Carbohydrate Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)

Primary Functions of Carbohydrates

Structural - Plants make cellulose for cell wall

Energy - Quick E Glucose/Glycogen

Storage of Energy:

• Animals - Glycogen

• Plants - Starch

Carbohydrate Monomer

Saccharide (Glucose)

Carbohydrate Polymer

Polysachharide (Glycogen)

Glycogen

Helps regulate blood glucose

Lipid Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN)

Types of Lipids

• Phospholipid (makes cellular membrane)

• Glycolipid (Lipids with carbs)

• Cholesterol (Fluidity of cell membrane)

Primary Functions of Lipids

Energy Storage

Cell protection

Cell Signals

Building Blocks of Lipids

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Examples of Lipids

• Fats

• Oils

• Waxes

• Steroids

Protein Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHONPS)

Primary Functions of Protein

Do the cells work to maintain life

• Enzyme

• Energy storage

• Motion

• Cell to cell signaling

• Immune system

Protein Monomer

Amino Acid (20)

Protein Polymer

Polypeptide

Nucleic Acid Elements

Nucleotides (A,T,C,G)

• Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Sugar + Phosphate

Nucleic Acid Monomer

Nucleotides

Primary Functions of Nucleic Acids

All the info for inheritance

Instructions to make proteins

DNA

• Double Stranded

• Deoxyribose sugars

• Uses Thymine

RNA

• Single stranded

• Ribose sugars

• Uses Uracil intead of Thymine

Protein

What Macromolecule is this?

Carbohydrate

What Macromolecule is Shown?

Lipid

What macromolecule is this?

Nucleic Acid

What Macromolecule is shown?

Lipids

What macromolecule is tested with a paper bag?

Simple Carbohydrates

What macromolecule is tested with benedicts solution?

Protein

What macromolecule is tested with biurets solution?

Complex Carbohydrates

What macromolecule is tested with iodine solution?

brown/stained

What color will the paper bag turn if lipids are present?

Orange

What color will the benedicts solution turn if simple carbs are present?

Purple

What color will the biuret solution turn if proteins are present?

Black

What color will the iodine solution turn if complex carbs are present?

Biotic Fixation

Caused by a lightning strike, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil in a form plants can use

Biological Fixation

Bacteria in root nodules of legume plants fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil in a form plants can use

Bacteria aren’t a part of the plant, they live on the eplant

Animal Elimination (waste)

Animal waste contains nitrogen compounds that combine with soil

Ammonificiation

Happens when organisms die and decay. Bacteria release nitrogen in organisms into soil

Denitrification

Nitrogen in the soil is converted by bacteria and released into the atmosphere

Uptake by plants/autotrophs/producers

Plants uptake nitrogen from the soil, connect nitrogen in soil to plants

Uptake by animals

Must get nitrogen from plants; connect plants to herbivores

Enzymes

• Increases speed of the rate of chemical reactions

• Lowers activation energy

• Catalyst

Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Substrates (Reactants)

Molecule(s) that the enzyme bind to

Active Site

Specific place on enzyme where substrates bind

Denature

The enzyme changes shape and can no longer function

Homeostasis

The constant internal balance the body tries to maintain

Producer

Organisms that obtain energy from the sun

Consumer

Any organism on a trophic level that isn’t a producer or a decomposer

Decomposer

Organisms that break down and eat decaying material for energy

Limiting Factor

Resource or condition that affects the growth of a population in an ecosystem

Abiotic

Non-living components that affect organisms (sunlight, temperature, water)

Biotic

Living things or materials that affect organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi)

Ecosystem

The biotic and abiotic factors that make up an area

Carrying Capacity

Amount of organisms an environment can support

Limit determined by availability of resources and interactions between other organisms

Steps of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

1. Heat to seperate strands of DNA

2. Two DNA strands are cooled and joined by primers

3. Make more copies of DNA using DNA Polymerase

Niche

A species’ place and role in an ecosystem, including where it lives and how it gets the resources it needs to survive

Ruminants

Mammals with four-chambered stomachs

Characteristics of Life

1. Respond ot their environment

2. Grow and Develop

3. Reproduce

4. Maintain Homeostasis

5. Have complex chemistry (metabolism)

6. Consist of Cells

Niche partitioning

Similar species being able to coexist because of slight differences in each one’s niche

Mitosis

The process of forming new somatic cells

Somatic Cells

Cells that aren’t sex cells

Prophase

Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and become visible, but are still tangled together

Metaphase

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes move to the center and line up

Anaphase

Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are being pulled to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

Stage of mitosis where each group of chromosomes are at either end of the cell and unravel into their previous state

Cytokinesis

Stage of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides between the newly forming nuclei

Interphase

State of non-dividing cells

Autotroph

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotroph

Organisms that can’t make their own food and consume other organisms

Reactants for photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide, water, light energy

Products of photosynthesis

Oxygen + Sugar

Glucose

What is C₆H₁₂O₆?

Metabolism

The general term describing the processes carried out to acquire and use energy

Glycolysis

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen

Krebs Cycle

a chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, through which almost all living cells produce energy in aerobic respiration

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Energy carrying molecule found in all organisms

Products of anaerobic respiration

Lactic Acid + Alcohol/Ethanol

Photosynthesis

The process of turning light energy into glucose

Keystone Species

a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

Population Size

Changes in size when new members join or leave

Birth rate

• Number of births per 1000 in a given time period

• Most common way of joining a population

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 for a given time period

Immigration

Joining a population