Studied by 1 personQualitative research basic terms
Triangulation
Combination of different approaches to collecting and interpreting data
Method Triangulation
The usage of different methods in combination
Data Triangulation
Usage of data from a variety of sources
Researcher Triangulation
Combining observations/ interpretations of different researchers
Theory Triangulation
Usage of multiple perspectives
Establishing a Rapport
Researchers should ensure that participants are being honest.
Iterative Questioning
There is a risk that participants will distort data. Researchers should spot this and return to the topic later on and rephrase the question.
Reflexivity
Researchers should reflect on the possibility that their biases might have interfered with their observations.
Epistemological Reflexivity
Knowledge of the strengths and limitations of the method used to collect data
Personal Reflexivity
Linked to the personal beliefs and expectations of the researcher
Credibility Checks
Checking the accuracy of the data by asking the participants to read transcripts and confirm.
Thick Descriptions
Explaining not only the behavior but also the context in which it occurred.
Acquiescence Bias
Tendency to give positive answers
Social Desirability Bias
Participants tendency to respond in a way they think will make them liked or accepted
Dominant Respondent Bias
The tendency of one of the participants in a group to influence the responses of others
Sensitivity Bias
Tendency to answer regular questions honestly but distort responses on sensitive topics
Confirmation Bias
When the researcher has a prior belief and uses the research to confirm that belief
Leading Questions Bias
Occurs when a question is worded a certain way that inclines the response in a certain way
Question Order Bias
Responses to one question can influence the participants response to the following question
Sampling Bias
When the sample is not adequate for the aim of the research
Biased Reporting
Occurs when some findings of the study aren’t equally represented in the research report
Quota Sampling
It is priorly decided how many people to include in the sample and which characteristics they should have
Purposive Sampling
It is similar to quota sampling but sample size is not defined.
Theoretical Sampling
Stops when the point of data saturation is reached.
Snowball Sampling
Small number of participants are invited and asked to invite other people they know.
Convenience Sampling
Using the sample that is easily available or accessible.
Sample-to-population Generalizability
Done by first identifying the target population and then selecting a sample accordingly.
Theoretical Generalization
Generalization is made from particular observations to a broader theory.
Case-to-case Generalizability
Generalization is made to a different group of people or a different setting or context.
Laboratory Observation
Done in places arranged for the study.
Naturalistic Observation
Done in naturally occurring settings.
Overt Observation
The participants are aware that they are being observed.
Covert Observation
The participants are not aware that they are being observed.
Participant Observation
The observer becomes part of the observed group.
Structured Observation
It is recorded systematically (checklist of behaviors etc.)
Unstructured Observation
It doesn't have a pre-defined stucture, and observers take note of whatever they think is important.
Structured Interview
set questions, set order
Semi-Structured Interview
some set questions
Unstructured Interview
only set topic, no set questions or order of questions
Focus Group
Similar to a semi-structured interview but is conducted with 3-10 people.
Content Analysis
Is the analysis that the researcher makes by interview recordings in order to minimize the researcher bias.
Case Study
It is the in-depth investigation of an individual or group.
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