Biology Exam - Cell Biology

1. Functions of… lysosomes

Breaks down waste

Functions of the Golgi

Packages and ships protiens and lipids

Functions of Nuclear Membrane

Protects the nucleus and controls what enters/exits

Functions of ribosomes

Makes proteins

Functions of the smooth ER

Makes lipids and detoxifies

Functions of the rough ER

Makes the folds and proteins

Functions of the central vacuole

Stores water and nutrients

Functions of the chloroplast

Does photosynthesis

Functions of the mitochondria

Makes ATP

2. Enzyme & example

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Ex. Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth

3. what is ATP & how is it made

It is the cell’s main energy source, made in the mitochondria from glucose and oxygen during cellular respiration

4. The transport across membranes (hint: D,O,F,A)

Diffusion, Osmosis, Facillitated diffusion, and active transport

5. Why is enzyme shape important

Because it must match its substrate

6. Protein denaturation

Protein loses shape and functions, caused by heat, pH changes, or chemicals

7. Plant vs Animal cells

Plant cells: have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole

Animal cells: Lysosomes, smaller vacuoles, and centrioles

8. Amyloplasts and where they are found

Store starch. Found in roots/plants

9. Chromoplasts and where they are found

Store pigments. Found in flowers/fruits

10. Glycolysis and where it happens

The first step of cellular respiration and happens in the cytoplasm

11. Chloroplast needs:

    And produces:

Needs: CO2, water, sunlight

Produces: Glucose and O2

12. Mitochondria Needs:

    And produces:

Needs: Glucose and O2

Produces: ATP, CO2, water

Fermentation and how it happens differently in plants and animals

Occurs when muscle cells cannot get oxygen fast enough to meet their energy needs.

Plants/yeast - alcohol + CO2

Animals - lactic acid