Tanisha Arora Chapter13: Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

It is the digestive canal.

What are two types of glands in the body?

The endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands?

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

Exocrine glands?

Secrete hormones into ducts [Tubes in the body]

What are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

Secrete enzymes and other substances into the alimentary canal.

What is special about the pancreas?

only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine.

Ingestion

Food Digestion.

Digestion

Food residues and nutrients which lead to absorption.

Absorption

Absorbs nutrients for the body and 2nd and 3rd part of small intestine.

Egestion

After food is completely digested taking the food out through processes like stool.

What are food residues?

undigested material, mainly fiber, that remains in the intestines after digestion.

What are the four major types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

What is fauces?

Hole in the back of the mouth.

What is the superior labial frenulum?

a thin, flexible band of tissue (mucosal fold) connecting the inside of the upper lip to the center of the gum tissue above the front teeth.

What is the inferior labial frenulum?

a small, thin band of tissue (mucosa and muscle fiber) located in the oral midline, connecting the inner surface of the lower lip to the lower gum.

What are the three parts of the tooth?

The crown, neck, and root.

What is enamel?

the hard, protective, semi-translucent outer layer of a tooth crown or a vitreous, glassy coating applied to metals, ceramics, or glass for protection and decoration

What are the two parts of the crown?

anatomical crown and clinical crown.

Anatomical crown?

the portion of a tooth covered in enamel, extending from the top edge (incisal or occlusal) down to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)

Clinical crown?

that portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva.

What is a root canal?

infection of the pulp cavity.

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

the portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth.

What are cusps?

the elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown.

Incisors?

chisel shaped teeth used for biting.

Canines?

pointed teeth used for tearing.

Premolars?

broad teeth used for grinding.

Molars?

broad teeth used for grinding.

What are deciduous teeth?

baby teeth.

When do baby teeth come in?

begin to erupt about 6 months after birth.

How many total baby teeth are there?

20 teeth.

When do baby teeth fall out?

begin to fall at about 6 years of age.

How many total adult teeth?

32 teeth.

What material are the teeth made up of?

enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp

What is the pulp cavity?

the central, hollow space inside a tooth, surrounded by dentin and filled with dental pulp (nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue)

What are dental caries?

a disease characterized by the bacterial-driven destruction of hard tooth tissues (enamel, dentin, and cementum).

What is gingivitis?

the earliest, mildest stage of gum disease (periodontal disease) characterized by inflammation, redness, and swelling of the gums

What is pyorrhea?

a severe form of gum disease—technically known as periodontitis—characterized by chronic inflammation, bleeding gums, pus discharge, and the destruction of bone, often leading to tooth loss.

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

a third molar that fails to fully erupt or grow into its proper position, becoming trapped in the jawbone or soft gum tissue, often because of lack of space.