PLN3_Prelims Handouts Part 2

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

A tool used for program evaluation that allows the comparison of programs with similar outputs without converting those outputs into money. It evaluates programs based on an effectiveness indicator expressed as units or output per currency/monetary cost.

Sensitivity or Break-Even Analysis

An analysis that alters previously assumed constant values within an evaluation to determine how much changes in those values would affect the outcome. It identifies sensitive variables that have a significant impact on the outcome.

Goals-Achievement Matrix Method

A five-step evaluation process that involves listing objectives, developing measures for each objective, weighting each objective, evaluating how each alternative meets the objectives, and selecting the best alternative. This method is based on subjective assessments of objectives and the value of benefits and costs to specific groups.

Legend/Rating System

A system used to rate options or alternatives based on their contribution to fulfilling a particular goal. The legend includes symbols such as 0 (no contribution), + (contribution), and - (inconsistency or contradiction).1. Project contribution:The extent to which an option/alternative contributes to a project, indicated on a scale of 1-3.

Planning Balance Sheet Method

An evaluation process that measures costs and benefits in monetary terms and considers intangibles explicitly.

Impact Analysis

The assessment and evaluation of the impacts of alternative options using a matrix and scoring system.

SWOT Analysis

A strategic planning tool that evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project.

Ex-Post Evaluation

Evaluation conducted after implementation to assess the actual costs and effectiveness of programs/projects.

Surveys

A tool used to gather information from people involved in planning actions, providing quantitative results and allowing for generalization of findings.1. Survey:A method of gathering information by asking a set of questions to a particular population to understand their characteristics, behaviors, opinions, and knowledge.

Questionnaires

Self-administered instruments used in surveys that allow respondents to complete the survey at their convenience and pace, providing a sense of anonymity and potentially greater honesty in responses.

Interviews

A method of gathering information through human interaction, where respondents can ask for clarifications and the interviewer can control the sequence of questions. It allows for probes, follow-up questions, and observation of nonverbal cues.

Community Visioning

A planning process where a community creates a shared vision for its future and takes actions to make it a reality. It promotes citizen involvement, awareness of societal change, and a sense of control over the community's destiny.

Anticipatory Democracy

An approach to governance that combines futures research, grassroots public participation, and long-range strategic planning. It inspired the concept of community visioning.

Oregon Model

A widely recognized approach to community-based visioning that originated in Oregon, USA. It involves addressing emerging trends and issues, reflecting community values, understanding the whole community, envisioning a preferred future, and promoting local action.1. Visioning:A process that involves creating a shared vision for a community or area, often used as an overlay for local land-use plans.

Charrettes

A multidisciplinary team of professionals working closely with stakeholders to develop alternative concepts and solutions for complex urban design and planning problems.

Public Meetings

Common forms of citizen participation for planners and urban designers, used to share information, seek advice, or solve problems.

Public Hearings

Required by law for public agencies and elected bodies to hold before making important decisions, following specific rules and procedures, and allowing for public testimony.

Computer-Based Public Participation

The use of computer technology, such as electronic sketchboards, geographic information systems, imaging software, virtual reality, urban simulation, and hypermedia, to enhance public participation in community design and planning processes.1. Internet:A virtual setting that integrates multiple tools and allows for same-place and same-time participation.

Believability

Concerns about computer-based participation where realistic images can mislead people and lead to false conclusions.

Affordability

The high cost of hardware and software needed for computer visualization.

Engagement

The consideration of how well tools engage participants in public participation-planning schemes.

Access to Institutions

The challenging issue of access to institutions and people in public participation, including willingness to participate, motivating factors, and incentives.

Property rights/Bundle of rights

The separate land resources or uses to which property rights apply, including the right to cut timber, farm, extract minerals, use surface waters or groundwaters, build and develop improvements, and control overhead space.

Subdivision Regulation

An ordinance that controls the division of a tract of land for building and development purposes, including standards for design and layout.

Zoning Regulations

An ordinance that divides a local government's jurisdiction into districts or zones and regulates land uses, development intensity, structure placement, parking, and other aspects of land-use and development activity.

Flexible Zoning/Innovations in Local Zoning Regulations

Modifications to conventional zoning regulations to provide relief from rigid land uses and development standards.

Conditional-Use or Special-Use Permits

Permits that allow land uses not normally allowed in a zoning district if controlled through additional standards and discretionary review.

Planned-Unit Development (PUD)

Regulations that merge zoning and subdivision controls, allowing for the planning and development of a large area as a single entity with design flexibility.

Cluster Development or Conservation Design

Involves arranging building lots on a portion of a parcel while retaining a certain percentage of the parcel as open space.1. Conservation Easement:A legally binding contract in which a landowner voluntarily restricts the rights to use and develop land, typically for open-space uses such as wildlife habitat and watershed protection.

Floating Zones

Zones described in a zoning ordinance with defined characteristics and establishment requirements, but with an undesignated location.

Overlay Zoning Districts

Districts superimposed on top of underlying zoning districts to apply additional standards for special purposes such as historic preservation or floodplain protection.

Performance Standards

Standards used to control the external effects of development, typically related to operational characteristics such as noise, odor, and pollution.

Incentive Zoning

A zoning approach where developers are awarded additional development capacity in exchange for providing a public benefit.

Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND)

A style of development that emulates urban neighborhoods from the past, emphasizing walkability, mixed housing types, and neighborhood centers.

Transit-Oriented Design (TOD)

A design approach that creates mixed-use areas connected to rail transportation, typically with residential hinterlands and limited commercial services.

Form-based Zoning

An approach that regulates building form rather than just land use, typically through regulating plans that specify building envelope standards.

Transect-Based Code

A code based on a continuum of habitats or "ecozones" from wilderness to urban core, regulating development based on design standards for each zone.

Development Impact Fees

One-time fees imposed on new development projects to cover capital expenditures on infrastructure required to serve the development.

Urban Growth Areas (UGA)

Areas delineated in a comprehensive plan where urban development is encouraged, while development outside of these areas is discouraged.

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

The yielding of development rights on one parcel of land in exchange for the right to develop another parcel more intensively.

Purchase of Development Rights (PDR)

Allowing landowners to sell the right to develop their property, typically to preserve open space or conservation areas.

Scenic Easements

Subset of conservation easements that apply to specific scenic areas and may be sold, donated, or transferred.1. Scenic easements:Land near a highway that is protected to maintain undeveloped scenic views.

Viewshed Protection

Protecting the area visible from a specific point or locality, including landscapes visible from roads, parks, and historic landmarks.

Urban Viewshed

Aerial perspective of a viewshed from an urban bridge, showing a 360-degree view.

Historic Conservation

Preservation of historic sites and buildings, including regulations such as the National Historic Conservation Act and tax credits.

Capital Improvements Programs (CIP)

Planning and implementing major construction or repair projects for buildings, roads, parks, and other infrastructure.

Tax Increment Financing (TIF)

A financing technique that uses future growth in property tax revenues to fund improvements in a designated area.

Taxes and Fees

Various forms of taxation and fees related to property ownership and development, including tax policy, development impact fees, and property taxes.

Land Use Planning

The rational and judicious allocation of land resources for different land uses and functions, consistent with the overall development vision of a locality.1. Land Use Planning:The detailed process of determining the location and area of land required for the implementation of social and economic development, policies, plans, programs, and projects.

Land Use Planning Objectives

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Stakeholder

Any person, group, or institution that has an interest in a development activity, project, or program.

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)

A document embodying specific proposals for guiding, regulating the growth and development of a city or municipality, considering all sectors significant in the development process.

Rationale for the Formulation/Revision of a CLUP

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Approaches to CLUP Formulation

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The Local Development Councils, in the case of barangay, the Barangay Development Councils, prepare Barangay Development Plans to be submitted for review and approval.

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In the absence of barangay and municipal development plans, the local planners adopt the top to bottom approach to planning, using higher level plans as bases for formulation and updating of the CLUP.1. Planning area:The area defined by the political boundaries of cities/municipalities, including component barangays and coastal waters.

CLUP

Comprehensive Land Use Plan, which covers both land and water resources of the city/municipality and has a planning period of 10 years.

Zoning Ordinance

Regulations affecting uses allowed or disallowed in each zone or district, including conditions and deviations allowed from the requirements.

Sectoral Studies

Documentation of supporting studies in the CLUP, including sections on demography, social sector, economic sector, and infrastructure and utilities.

Developability Analysis

Deals with determining accurate information about the supply of available land within the LGU jurisdiction for land use planning.

Land Suitability Analysis

Evaluation method for planning areas that retain important natural environmental features, limited to alternative sites for specific land uses.

Carrying Capacity Analysis

Studies the effects of population growth and urban development on ecological systems, public facilities, and environmental perception.

Committed Lands Analysis

Identifies locations with excess community service capacity for efficient distribution of services.

Market Forecasts

Attempts to project future land development based on past trends, population and economic growth, and development regulations.

Perceptual Analysis

Relies on people's perceptions to understand travel behavior, locational choice, social relationships, and political actions.

Legibility

Refers to the clarity of spatial organizations and ease of understanding the structure of an urban area.

Attractiveness

Degree to which an urban area is positively perceived, particularly in terms of visual quality.

Symbolism

Refers to the meanings that people attach to various parts of the urban area.

Quality of Life

Synthetic perceptual measure based on resident ratings of local trends in factors such as open space, urban design, crime, traffic, schools, and housing affordability.

Spatial Development Concepts

Basic urban form conceptual frameworks that guide LGUs in formulating schematic diagrams for preferred growth of development.1. Trend Extension:Development pattern where individuals build anywhere according to their preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention. Development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, resulting in no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public services.

Linear Urban Form

Concentration of development along major transportation routes, characterized by residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and mixed-use developments intensifying along these areas through time. Can lead to strong visual image and congestion at the urban core and main radials.

Multi-nodal Urban Form

Development redirected away from the urban core towards identified urban growth areas or nodes. Clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization. Major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes, while nodes support the major center as its captive market and provide neighborhood facilities and services to their area of influence.

Concentric Urban Form

Outward expansion of urban development from the city center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads. High-density urban activities concentrated in one continuous body, resulting in discomfort from noise and pollution. Housing types limited to high-rise apartments or compact dwelling units.

Combined Alternatives

Adoption of a combination of development alternatives. Land Use Plan specifies the features of the development thrust and preferred spatial strategy, guided by growth centers and corridors, residential developments and basic facilities/services, ecological system and cultural heritage protection/conservation, economic development and local governance, infrastructure support systems, and use of city/municipal waters.1. Fault lines:Lines along which there is a break in the Earth's crust, resulting in earthquakes.

Wind direction

The direction from which the wind is blowing.

Other physical limitations

Additional restrictions or constraints imposed by the physical environment.

Existing and future activity patterns

The current and projected patterns of human activity in a particular area.

Public sentiment on land use issues

The opinions and attitudes of the general public regarding the use of land for various purposes.

Land values

The monetary worth or market price of a piece of land.

Cost considerations

Factors related to the financial implications of a decision or action.

Aesthetic factors

Elements related to the visual appeal or beauty of a place or design.

Proposed transportation layouts

Plans or designs for the arrangement and organization of transportation systems.

Location criteria/standards

Guidelines or standards used to determine the appropriate location for a particular land use.

Convenience standards

Location of land use is determined by considering time and distance as the primary units of measurement.

Performance standards

The main determinants of land use areas are health, safety, and amenity.

Policy

A statement indicating specific guidelines, methods, procedures, rules, and forms that will guide all development activities in the city or municipality.

Strategic functions of identified growth areas/corridors

The planned functions or purposes of specific areas or routes that are expected to experience growth and development.