Chapter 22 - Enlightenment and Revolution

Frederick II

, Prussia's ruler from 1740 until 1786, dedicated himself to improving the country.

John Locke

, a philosopher, had a more optimistic view of human nature.

François Marie Arouet

was probably the most intellectual and influential of the philosophes.

Voltaire

frequently employed satire to defame his opponents.

outspoken opponent

Locke was a(n) of absolute monarchy and a proponent of self- government.

1609

In , Galileo constructed his own telescope and used it to examine the cosmos.

Galen

The works of an ancient Greek physician named were accepted as reality by European doctors during the Middle Ages.

Peter

In the early 1700s, Russia's ruler, the Great, had campaigned for years to get a port on the Baltic Sea.

Joseph II

, Maria Theresa's son and successor, ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790.

Galileo

learnt as a young man that a Dutch lens maker had created a device that could magnify far- off things.

Galileo Galilei

, an Italian scientist, built on the new astronomical theories.

Joseph II of Austria

was the most radical royal reformer.

Voltaire

He published almost 70 books of political writings, philosophy, and theatre under the pen name .