ap lang rhetoric devices

alliteration

repetition of sounds at the beginning of a word

assonance

repetition of a vowel sound

consonance

repetition of a consonant sound

parallelism

repetition of similar words/phrases/ideas to represent that the ideas are of equal or higher value & importance

isocolon

parallelism relating to equal length (syllables/word count)

chiasmus

words are repeated in reverse order (e.g. the fire burned, burned the fire)

antithesis

opposition or contrast of ideas/words in a balanced or parallel structure

climax

height of suspense; turning point in literature; sentence structured in increasing importance

anticlimax

an event/conclusion/statement that is less powerful than built up

anaphora

repetition of the first word/phrase in successive sentences

epistrophe

repetition of a word/phrase at the end of a phrase/sentence

epanalepsis

repetition of a word/phrase at regular intervals; a sentence starts & ends with the same word

anadiplosis

repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next

anastrophe

inversion of typical word order

parenthesis

an aside; an explanatory part of a sentence that cannot stand on its own

apposition

two elements, normally noun phrases, placed side-by-side so that one element modifies/defines the other

ellipsis

omission of words when something is implied; can be done without an ellipses (...)

juxtaposition

placing of contradictory things next to one another

asyndeton

omission of conjunctions

polysyndeton

repetition of conjunctions

metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word/phrase literally denotes one object/idea in place of another

simile

figure of speech comparing two items with "like" or "as"

personification

giving human/living traits to non-living objects

apostrophe

to address someone not present; a personified object/idea

metonymy

one word/phrase substituted for another with which it is closely associated

synechdoche

part of something that refers to the whole; vice-versa (e.g. wheels)

allusion

reference to a person/place/etc.

apotheosis

idolizing something/someone; comparing an object to a god

allegory

representation of abstract/spiritual meaning through concrete forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another

euphemism

the substitution for an expression that might offend/suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, instead of using an agreeable/less offensive expression

archaism

old word/phrase; no longer used at the time

onomatopoeia

words that sound like what they are

syllepsis

sense of a word changes; verb with two meanings; a single word that modifies 2+ words that causes a different meaning

imagery

use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas

hyperbole

exaggeration

litotes

double negative; an idea is expressed by the denial of its opposite

irony

conveying a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

sarcasm

intentionally hurtful satiric or ironic commentary

oxymoron

combination of contrasting words

paradox

statement that is apparently self-contradicting or absurd but contains a possible truth

hypophora

when a writes asks a question and immediately answes it