Electrostatics and Conductors in Equilibrium

Conductor

Material allowing free movement of electric charges.

Electrostatic Equilibrium

State where charges are at rest and balanced.

Electric Dipole

Two equal and opposite charges separated by distance.

Capacitor

Device that stores and releases electrical energy.

Operating Voltage

Voltage range within which a capacitor functions.

Electric Field (E)

Force per unit charge experienced by a charge.

Sharp Points

Regions where electric field strength is highest.

Gauss' Law

Relates electric flux through a closed surface to charge.

Coulomb's Law

Describes force between two point charges.

Dielectric Material

Insulating substance that increases capacitance in capacitors.

Electric Field Strength

Measured in volts per meter (V/m).

Charge Density (σ)

Charge per unit area on a surface.

Potential Difference (V)

Work done per unit charge in moving between points.

Electric Field Inside Conductor

Zero in electrostatic equilibrium.

Electric Field Outside Conductor

Perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.

Maximum Electric Field in Air

Approximately 3 x 10^6 V/m.

Voltage (V) Definition

1 Joule per Coulomb (J/C).

Ampere-Hour (Ah)

Unit of electric charge, 1 Ah = 3600 C.

Electric Field Due to Plate

E = σ/ε₀ for infinite plane.

Charge on Sphere

Q = 4πr²σ for spherical conductors.

Equivalent Capacitance

Total capacitance in a circuit configuration.

Electric Potential (V) Formula

V = kQ/r for point charges.

Electric Field (E) Formula

E = F/q, where F is force.

Energy Stored in Capacitor

U = 1/2 CV², where C is capacitance.

Piezoelectric Effect

Electric charge generated by mechanical stress.