Anatomy- Semester 1 Final

body membranes

thin, sheet-like structure

body membranes functions

cover and protect body surface, line body cavities and inner surfaces of organs, anchor organs to bones/each other, secrete fluid to reduce friction

two types of body membranes

epithelial and connective

three types of epithelial membranes

serous, mucous, cutaneous

serous membrane

found within closed cavities

two layers of serous membrane

parietal and visceral

parietal layer

lines the walls of the cavity

visceral layer

covers surface of organs

what lines the thoracic cavity

pleura

what lines the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

lines walls of thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

lines walls of abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

covers surface of organs in thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

covers surface of organs in abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

mucous membrane

lines body surfaces open to the outside

where are mucous membranes found

respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

what do most mucus membranes do

secrete mucus

what is the purpose of secreting mucus

keeps the membrane soft and damp

what is a mucocutaneous junction

where skin and mucous membranes meet

where are mucocutaneous junctions found

eyelids, lips, nostrils, vulva, and anus

cutaneous membrane

skin

what is the primary organ of the integumentary system

skin

what percent of body weight does skin account for

16%

what are the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane

dermis and epidermis

epidermis

thin sheet of stratified squamous

dermis

mostly connective tissue

what is the cutaneous membrane supported by

hypodermis

hypodermis

thick layer of loose connective tissue

connective tissue membrane

synovial membrane

synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

purpose of synovial fluid

reduces friction

what are the two layers of the epidermis

stratum germinativum and stratum corneum

stratum germinativum

undergo mitosis

stratum corneum

tough, keratinized outer layer

what happens to cells in the stratum germinativum

they move upward

what happens to cells in the stratum corneum

they flake off

what is the basement membrane of the epidermis

dermal-epidermal junction

dermal papillae

small bumps that project from dermis into epidermis

what are the two layers of the dermis

papillary and reticular

papillary layer

upper layer, contain dermal papillae

reticular layer

deeper layer, dense network of fibers

papillary layer thick skin

large, distinct rows of papillae

papillary layer thin skin

less distinct, irregular grooves

reticular layer purpose

makes skin strong, elastic

subcutaneous tissue nickname

superficial fascia

what is subcutaneous tissue composed of

loose fibrous and adipose tissues

subcutaneous tissue function

allows skin to slide around body parts

accessory structures

hair, receptors, nails, glands

hair

grow from follicles in skin

where does hair not grow

lips, palms, soles of feet

where does hair form

hair papillae

hair papillae

small, epithelial cell covered bump

what causes hair to stand up

arrector pili muscles

receptors

nerves that allow skin to act as a sense organ

receptor functions

relay messages of pain, touch, temperature, and pressure

nails

cells filled with keratin

where do nails grow

from the nail root behind the cuticle

what are the two types of glands

sweat and sebaceous

sweat glands

most numerous

what are the two types of sweat glands

eccrine and apocrine

eccrine sweat glands

most numerous, small, spread throughout body, produce perspiration

apocrine sweat glands

found around armpit and genitals, function during puberty, produce thicker fluid

sebaceous glands

secrete oil for hair/skin

what is sebaceous glands oil called

sebum

sebum

prevents drying/cracking

skin functions

protection, temperature regulation, sense organ activity, excretion, synthesis of vitamin d

skin infections

impetigo, tinea, warts, boils scabies

impetigo

contagious, caused by strep/staph bacteria, common in children

tinea

general fungal infection name

warts

caused by papillomavirus, spread by contact with lesions

boils (furuncles)

staph infections of hair folicles, large, inflamed pustules

scabies

caused by a mite, transmitted by any kind of skin contact

inflammatory diseases

urticaria, scleroderma, psoriasis

urticaria

hives, wide variety of causes, can last anywhere from a few hours to a few weeks

scleroderma

autoimmune disease, affects blood vessels/connective tissue of skin

psoriasis

common autoimmune disease, multiple types, most common is plaque psoriasis

plaque psoriasis

silvery white, scale-like plaques develop from excessive epithelial growth

common skin cancers

squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma

squamous cell carcinoma

slow growing tumor of epidermis, hard, raised, usually painless nodules

basal cell carcinoma

common in the upper face, tumor grows from base of epidermis, lesions begin as papules that erode

melanoma

most serious, sometimes develops in moles

ABCDE evaluation

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

lesion

a measurable variation from normal structure

how are lesions distinguished

abnormal density or coloration

what do lesions result from

scrapes/scratches/cuts

what can lesions be categorized by

elevation

what are the three types of elevation

elevated, flat, depressed

elevated lesions

papules, plaque, vesicle, pustule, crust

papules

firm, raised lesion <1 cm in diameter (warts)

plaque

large, raised lesion >1 cm in diameter (plaque psoriasis)

vesicle

small blister; filled with fluid (herpes)

pustule

filled with pus (pimple)

crust

area with dried blood (scab)

flat lesions

macule and patch

macule

area of skin darker than surrounding tissue, harmless, caused by increased pigment production (freckle)

patch

macule larger than 1 cm (vitiligo)

depressed lesions

excoriation, atrophy, ulcer, fissure

excoriation

epidermis is missing (scratch)

atrophy

degradation of skin, depresses skin level (striae)

ulcer

crater lesion, deep destruction of skin (bedsore)