Introduction to Chemistry
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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Introduction to Chemistry lecture notes.
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48 Terms
Significant Figures
Digits that carry meaning contributing to their measurement accuracy.
Exact Numbers
Numbers obtained by counting objects or defined relationships, they are always exact.
Measured Numbers
Numbers that have uncertainty and are obtained using a measuring tool.
Scientific Notation
A way to express very large or small numbers. It is written as a product of a number between 1 and 10, and a power of ten.
Density
The mass of a substance divided by its volume.
Pure Substances
Materials that have a fixed composition and distinct properties.
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.
Homogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are uniform in composition and appearance.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that consist of physically distinct parts, each with different properties.
Physical Properties
Characteristics observed without changing the identity of a substance.
Chemical Properties
Characteristics that describe a substance's ability to change into different substances.
Physical Changes
Changes that affect one or more physical properties of a substance.
Chemical Changes
Changes that result in the formation of new chemical substances.
Element
The simplest form of matter, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Compound
A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.
Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Potential Energy
Energy stored in an object due to its position or arrangement.
Volume
The amount of space occupied by a substance.
Mass
The quantity of matter in a substance.
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold something is, related to the average kinetic energy of particles.
Grading
The process of evaluating and scoring student performance in their coursework.
Significant Figures
Digits that carry meaning contributing to their measurement accuracy.
Exact Numbers
Numbers obtained by counting objects or defined relationships, they are always exact.
Measured Numbers
Numbers that have uncertainty and are obtained using a measuring tool.
Scientific Notation
A way to express very large or small numbers. It is written as a product of a number between 1 and 10, and a power of ten.
Density
The mass of a substance divided by its volume.
Pure Substances
Materials that have a fixed composition and distinct properties.
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.
Homogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are uniform in composition and appearance.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that consist of physically distinct parts, each with different properties.
Physical Properties
Characteristics observed without changing the identity of a substance.
Chemical Properties
Characteristics that describe a substance's ability to change into different substances.
Physical Changes
Changes that affect one or more physical properties of a substance.
Chemical Changes
Changes that result in the formation of new chemical substances.
Element
The simplest form of matter, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Compound
A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.
Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Potential Energy
Energy stored in an object due to its position or arrangement.
Volume
The amount of space occupied by a substance.
Mass
The quantity of matter in a substance.
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold something is, related to the average kinetic energy of particles.
Grading
The process of evaluating and scoring student performance in their coursework.
Solid
A state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume, with particles closely packed in a rigid structure.
Liquid
A state of matter characterized by a definite volume but an indefinite shape, adapting to the container it occupies, with particles able to move past each other.
Gas
A state of matter characterized by neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume, with particles far apart and moving randomly.
Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.
Precision
How close multiple measurements are to each other, regardless of their closeness to the true value.
SI Prefixes
Multipliers used with SI base units to denote powers of ten (e.g., kilo- for 10^3, milli- for 10^{-3}).