Psyc107 Test1

Aristotle

Fourth‑century BCE philosopher who produced early psychology writings, including On Memory and Reminiscence; memory explained by association and his writings survived.

On Memory and Reminiscence

Aristotle’s book on memory and recollection, discussing memory processes and the idea of reconstruction.

Association (memory)

Memory mechanism whereby ideas are linked to related ideas, forming connections that aid recall.

Method of loci

Ancient memory technique using visualized locations (places along a route) to store and retrieve items.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Islamic scholar who written works on medicine and psychology; introduced ideas about memory and proposed multiple memory stores connected through reconstruction.

Reconstruction (memory)

Process of rebuilding memory from scraps of information, which can lead to errors or altered details.

Two memory stores

Idea that memory comprises at least two stores (images/pictures and associations) used to reconstruct memories.

Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of experimental psychology; established the first psychology laboratory and trained many PhD students.

Spearman

English psychologist known for work on psychology and statistics; influential in early psychometrics and correlations.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist famous for studying forgetting and measuring memory over time; introduced the forgetting curve and the benefit of spaced breaks.

Forgetting curve

Graph showing rapid initial forgetting after learning, followed by a slower rate of forgetting over time.

Broca's area

Left-hemisphere brain region linked to speech production; damage can impair speaking ability.

Sigmund Freud

Pioneer of psychoanalysis; proposed that dreams are formed by associations and unconscious wishes; introduced dream interpretation.

The Interpretation of Dreams

Freud’s major work outlining how dreams are interpreted via latent content and associations.

Elizabeth Loftus

Memory researcher known for work on eyewitness testimony and recovered memories; highlighted unreliability and reconstruction in memory.

Recovered memories

Memories of events recalled later in life, often from childhood, which may be false or reconstructed rather than accurate.

Daniel Kahneman

Nobel Prize–winning psychologist known for work on judgment and decision making and for promoting positive psychology in applied contexts.

Judgment and decision making

Field studying how people make choices and predictions, with wide applications in health decisions and policy.

Positive psychology

Movement focusing on factors that contribute to happiness and psychological well‑being, rather than only mental illness.

B. F. Skinner

Leading behaviorist who emphasized studying observable behavior and the effects of reinforcement, often using Skinner boxes.

Behaviorism

Philosophy of psychology that prioritizes observable behavior and environmental determinants over internal mental states.

American Psychological Association (APA)

Founded in 1892; major organization linking psychology labs and departments, with Psychological Review as its early journal.

Mātauranga Māori

The broad Māori knowledge system, including ethics, tikanga, relationships with land and resources, and intergenerational knowledge transmission; holistic, adaptable, and applicable in modern contexts.

Mātauranga iwi/hapū/whānau

Knowledge systems that are specific to a particular iwi, hapū, or whānau; localized and place-based forms of Mātauranga.

Māori (capital M)

A collective noun for people who have whakapapa Māori and are tangata whenua; emphasizes shared identity of iwi/hapū/whānau and should not be treated as homogeneous.

māori (lowercase m)

A everyday descriptor meaning ‘ordinary’ or non-specific Māori; used in contrast to the collective capital-M usage.

Mana whenua

The local Indigenous authority with rightful sovereignty/authority over a geographic area, typically the local iwi/hapū who hold mana over that whenua.

Iwi

A large Māori kinship group descended from a common ancestor; comprises multiple hapū.

Hapū

A sub-tribe within an iwi; a group of whānau descended from a common ancestor.

Whānau

Extended family or kinship network; can operate within and across hapū and iwi.

Tikanga

Customs, protocols, and normative practices that guide behaviour and decision-making in Māori culture.

Kaitiakitanga

Guardianship and sustainable management of people, land, and resources; a duty to protect and care for the environment.

Cultural safety

The health professional’s awareness of their own biases and the biases of the system, ensuring care that is safe, respectful, and free from discrimination.

Cultural competence

The ability to learn about and engage effectively with people from different cultures; includes knowledge of te reo Māori and tikanga, and applying culturally informed practices.

Meihana model

A framework for culturally responsive engagement and care with Māori patients and whānau in health settings.

Hui process

Māori process of discussion and decision-making that follows appropriate protocols and includes whānau participation.

Whakapapa

Genealogical connections and ancestry; the lineage that situates individuals within iwi, hapū, and whānau.

Te reo Māori

The Māori language; a core component of Māori culture and identity.

Matariki

The rising of the Pleiades and a Māori New Year holiday in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Whakairo

Carving; a key form of Mātauranga Māori expressed through artistic practice.

Raranga

Weaving; a traditional Māori craft often performed intergenerationally as a means of knowledge transmission.

Waiata

Song or chant; a conduit for storytelling and Mātauranga Māori.

Tall poppy syndrome

The tendency in Aotearoa New Zealand to acknowledge success but pull down those who boast; encourages humility.

Who are the Mana Whenua for Christchurch (Ilam)?

Ngāi Tūāhuriri