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Functionalism
Society functions as a whole with interdependent parts.
Collective Conscience
Shared beliefs and values that unify society.
Durkheim
Sociologist who studied socialization and suicide.
Socialization
Process where institutions shape individuals in society.
Parsons
Sociologist emphasizing social order and conformity.
Meritocracy
Society where success is based on merit and talent.
Davis and Moore
Studied occupational stratification and meritocracy.
Goldthorpe
Examined social class distinctions among workers.
Nuclear Family
Family structure consisting of two parents and children.
Murdock
Identified four universal functions of family.
Primary Socialization
Initial learning of norms and values in childhood.
Quantitative Data
Numerical data used for statistical analysis.
Qualitative Data
Descriptive data providing insights into social phenomena.
Conflict Theory
Focuses on inequality and class struggle in society.
Marxism
Theoretical framework emphasizing economic class conflict.
Neo-Marxism
Revised Marxist theory focusing on ideological change.
Althusser
Neo-Marxist who emphasized ideological state apparatuses.
Poulantzas
Argued complexity of class beyond Marx's proletariat.
Engels
Analyzed gender roles in capitalist societies.
Feminist Theory
Examines women's roles and inequalities in society.
Hochschild
Studied women's 'second shift' at home.
Oakley
Challenged universality of nuclear family concept.
Stratification
Hierarchical arrangement of social classes in society.
Social Classes
Groups in society based on economic status.
Secondary Data
Data collected from existing sources for analysis.
Empirical Evidence
Information acquired by observation or experimentation.
Determinism
Theory that behavior is determined by external factors.
Status Quo
Existing state of affairs in society.
Ideological Revolution
Change in societal values rather than economic structure.
Ortner's Theory
Women devalued for natural functions like childbirth.
McRobbie's Analysis
Stereotypes of women in glossy magazines identified.
Symbolic Interactionism
Focuses on individual interactions rather than groups.
George Herbert Mead
Co-founder of symbolic interactionism; studied self-concept.
Charles H. Cooley
Developed the looking-glass self concept.
Goffman's Dramaturgy
Individuals perform social roles like actors.
Post-Modern Perspective
Challenges metanarratives; promotes relativism in society.
Lyotard's Challenge
Critiques overarching narratives in philosophy and history.
Baudrillard's Hyper-Reality
Mass media blurs lines between reality and fiction.
Judith Stacey's Study
Found stability in alternative family structures.
New Right Perspective
Attributes societal problems to nuclear family deviations.
Charles Murray's View
Breakdown of family leads to social issues.
Hochschild's Methods
Used interviews and observations in pluralistic research.
Zimbardo's Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment; studied behavior in roles.
Survey Research
Systematic data collection via questionnaires.
Advantages of Surveys
Quick, cheap, and can generalize findings.
Disadvantages of Surveys
Loss of depth; respondents may lie.
Open-Ended Questionnaires
Allow detailed, qualitative responses from participants.
Closed-Ended Questionnaires
Limit responses to predefined options.
Structured Interviews
Same questions for all; higher reliability.
Unstructured Interviews
Flexible questions; build rapport with participants.
Goldthorpe's Research
Studied social mobility using over 10,000 questionnaires.
Willis' Interviews
Explored sub-cultural norms in working-class schools.
Barker's Study
Questionnaires used with the 'Moonies' group.
Parsons' Research
Investigated college plans of Boston school boys.
Hochschild (1989)
Study on women's second shift in married relationships.
Overt Observation
Researcher observes participants in their natural environment.
Covert Observation
Researcher observes without participants' knowledge.
Hawthorne Effect
Participants change behavior due to being observed.
Validity
Accuracy of findings in representing reality.
James Patrick's Study
Covert study of Glasgow gangs by joining them.
Statistical Abstract
Source of existing government data for research.
Murray's Review
Examined family structure statistics related to crime.
Murdock's Study
Reviewed 250 societies for nuclear family universality.
Milgram's Experiment
Lab experiment studying obedience to authority.
Jane Elliot's Experiment
Field experiment on discrimination among 4th graders.
Baron-Cohen's Study
Lab experiment on autism and theory of mind.
Bandura's Imitation Study
Lab experiment on children's imitation of aggression.
Case Studies
In-depth studies of individuals in natural settings.
Willis's Case Study
Examined marginal groups in schools, 'Lads' study.
Freud's Case Study
Analyzed phobia treatment in child, 'Little Hans.'
Content Analysis
Analyzing media content for patterns and themes.
Functionalist View
Socialization stabilizes nuclear family structure.
Marxist View
Socialization maintains ruling class dominance.
Feminist View
Women socialized to be subordinate in society.
Interactionist View
Focus on individual responses to socialization.
Cooley's Looking-Glass Self
Self-concept developed through social interactions.
Blumer's Role Choice
Individuals actively choose their societal roles.