examination of heart

through palpation what can we determine

Temperature

Pain

Tremors

Heartbeats

how to carry out palpation

We press on the intercostal spaces

We place the hand flat

heart beat best felt in horse

5 intercostal space on the left side

4 intercostal space on the right side

heart beat best felt in cattle/small ru

4 intercostal space on the left side

heart beat best felt in dogs,cat,foxes

4-5 intercostal space on the left side

is the shifting of heart beats pathological or physiological

pathological

shifting heartbeat- up

enlarged hear

shifting heartbeat- back

enlarged left ventricle, whole heart, mediastinal lymph nodes, mediastinal tumors

Cardiac enlargement is

​​enlargement of the area where the heartbeat is felt and increased force of the beat

causes of increased heartbeat

• Fever

• Stress

• Second half of pregnancy

• Hypertension

• Cushing's disease

cause of weakened heart beat

• Significant weakening of the heart

• Fluid in the pericardial sac (hydropericardium)

• Fluid in the pleural cavity (hydropneumothorax)

• Advanced pulmonary emphysema

Cardiac dullness area:- Enlarged

Cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy

Hydroendocardia

Leftward displacement of the heart

Pseudoenlargement of cardiac dullness

pseudoenlargment = false enlargement, is an increase in the size of an organ due to infiltration of a tissue not normally found in that organ

Hydrothorax

Hepatomegaly (carnivorous)

Lung tumors

Fibrinous pleuris

Cardiac dullness area: Reduced

Pulmonary emphysema

Pneumothorax

systolic tone

systolic

diastolic tone

diasoltic

Systolic period

time between I and II tone

Diastolic period

time between II and I tone

tone I- muscular

• Lower sound than tone II

• Quieter

• Less resonant

how is tone I created

created as a result of the tremors of closing valves and the muscular-fibrous apparatus of the valves

tone II- valvular

• Higher and shorter than I

• Louder

cause of tone II

caused by the tremors of the closing valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery

tone II in horse (pm) left side

• I – 3 i.c.s just behind the sternum – projection of the pulmonary valve

• II – 4 i.c.s 2 fingers' width below the shoulder joint line - projection of the aortic valve

• III – 5 i.c.s. A hand's width below the shoulder joint line - projection of the mitral valve

valves of heart present on left side

pulmonary

aortic

mitral

projection of pulmonary valve in horse/ cattle

LEFT SIDE

I – 3 i.c.s just behind the sternum

projection of aortic valve in horse/ cattle

LEFT SIDE

II – 4 i.c.s 2 fingers' width below the shoulder joint line

projection of mitral valve in horse/ cattle

LEFT SIDE

III – 5 i.c.s. A hand's width below the shoulder joint line

what valve is present on right side

trispid

projection of the tricuspid valve in horse/ cattle

RIGHT SIDE

3 i.c.s. Just above the sternum

projection of the pulmonary valve dog and cats

LEFT SIDE

I – 3rd p.m. of the heart just behind the sternum

projection of the aortic valve dog and cats

LEFT SIDE

II – 4th p.m. of the heart just below the shoulder joint line

projection of the mitralvalve dog and cats

LEFT SIDE

III – 5th p.m. of the heart in the upper half of the 1/3 of the ches

projection of the tricuspid valve dog and cats

IV - 4th p.m. of the heart Just above the sternum

Auscultatio

Rate – number of beats per minute

Intensity – strength of heart sounds

Rhythm – regularity Intervals between beats

Additional sounds

physiological cause of tachycardia

young age, high ambient temperature, excitement

pathological cause of tachycardia

circulatory failure, anemia, adrenal hyperfunction, hyperthyroidism

Physiological cause of bradycardia

sleep, anesthesia, trained animals

pathological cause of bradycardia

arrhythmias, hypothermia, uremia

Arrhythmia

different time interval between individual heartbeats

• the interval between the first and second tone is shorter

• Splitting and splitting of the tone – physiologically at the peak of inspiration, pathologically with some arrhythmias and increased pressure

rythm resembles what

galloping horse

how many tones dose rhythm consist of

It consists of 3 tones

An additional tone in the diastolic phas

persistant arrythmia is longer than

2 days

Parcotic arrythmia

sudden onset and end, periodic

dull heart tone caused by

fur, pleural fluid

heart murmur

Additional examination of heart

• ECG

• X-ray

• Cardiac ultrasonography

• Phonologic cardiology

• Magnetic resonance imaging

• scintigraphy

Clinical signs of heart disease that you may see at home

• weakness

• lethargy

• exercise intolerance

• shortness of breath

• Coughing

More clinical signs of heart diease from clinical examination

• an irregular heartbeat

• a heart murmur (which indicates turbulent blood flow over a valve within the heart)

• irregular pulses

• abnormal lung sound

in ECG what axis volatge on

Y

in ECG what axis time on

Time on X axis

P wave

atrial muscle depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular muscle depola

T wave

ventricular muscle repolarization

artefacts during ECG

• Motion

• Breathing

• purring

cause of artefacts

• Movement

• Poor contact between the electrodes and the patient

• Electrical items (e.g. clippers, imaging equipment, warming equipment, other monitoring equipment)

position of animals during ecg

lying in right lateral recumbency

gently restrain limbs

electrodes/pads should be placed on the limbs appropriately

• right forelimb

• left forelimb

• left hind limb

ecg on respiratory patients

should have their ECG performed in sternal

AV block

a disorder in the heart's rhythm due to a fault in the natural pacemaker

types of heart blocks

Sinoatrial nodal blokcs (SA)

Atrioventricular blocks (AV)

SA block- I degree

a lag between the time that the SA node fires and actual depolarization of the atria.

Not recognized by ECG

SA- II degree type 1

aka Wenckebach block

• rhythm is irregular

• R-R interval gets progressively smaller, while the P-R interval remains constant, until a QRS segment is dropped.

SA- II degree type 2

aka sinus exit block

• regular rhythm that may be normal or slow.

• It is followed by a pause that is a multiple of the P-P interval usually (2-4).

R-R interval gets progressively smaller, while the P-R interval remains constant, until a QRS segment is dropped

is charc for what heart block

SA- II degree type 1

SA block- III degree

caused by failure to conduct them.

• rhythm is irregular and either normal or slow

• followed by a long pause that is not a multiple of the P-R interval.

• The pause ends with a P wave, instead of a junctional escape beat the way a sinus arrest would.

what SA block is not recog by ECG

SA I degree

difference btwn SA block- III degree and sinus arrest

• The pause ends with a P wave, instead of a junctional escape beat the way a sinus arrest would.

AV block- I degree

occurs when there is a delay, but not disruption, as the electrical signal moves between the atrium and the ventricles through the AV node.

AV block- II degree

occurs when the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles is even more impaired than in a first-degree AV block. In a second-degree AV block, the impairment results in a failure to conduct an impulse, which causes a skipped beat.

AV block- III degree

occurs when the signal between the atria and ventricles is completely blocked

there is no communication between the two.

None of the signals from the upper chambers make it to the lower chambers.

On ECG, there is no relationship between P waves and QRS complexes, meaning the P waves and QRS complexes are not in a 1:1 ratio.

what is the most sevre of the AV blocks

Third-degree AV block is the most severe of the AV blocks

in what heart block is no relationship between P waves and QRS complexes

AV block- III degree

what ratio should P waves and QRS complex be in

1:1

AV block- Mobitz I

• characterized by a progressive yet reversible block of the AV node.

• defined by progressive prolongation of the PR interval, with a resulting dropped beat (the PR interval gets longer and longer until a beat is finally dropped, or skipped)

AV block- Mobitz II

caused by a sudden, unexpected failure of the His-Purkinje cells to conduct the electrical impulse

the PR interval is unchanged from beat to beat, but there is a sudden failure to conduct the signal to the ventricles, and resulting in random skipped beat

progressive prolongation of the PR interval is characteristic of

AV block- mobitz I

position of large animal during X ray

Lateral projection, animal standing

position of small animal during X ray

Lateral and dorsoventral projection, animal lying down – small animals

what dose x ray allow acess to

assess the condition of the heart and blood vessels inside the chest

what can be determined in x ray

• Enlargement of the heart

• Tightening/weakening of the blood vessel pattern

• Displacement of the heart

Scyntygraphy

• Heart activity registration after administration of radioactively labeled contrast

• The distribution and saturation of the organ by contrast are assessed