part 1 Oxygen Transport and Cellular Respiration Summary

This set of flashcards covers key concepts, definitions, and critical information regarding oxygen transport, cellular respiration, and the associated physiological processes.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Essential for aerobic respiration and ATP production.

What occurs during anaerobic respiration?

It produces lactic acid and very little ATP due to insufficient oxygen.

How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood?

As hemoglobin-bound oxygen (over 98%) and a small amount as dissolved oxygen in plasma.

How many mL of oxygen can each gram of hemoglobin carry?

Approximately 1.34 mL of oxygen.

What are normal hemoglobin values for men?

14-16 g/dL.

What are normal hemoglobin values for women?

12-15 g/dL.

What does SaO2 represent?

Arterial oxygen saturation.

What does SvO2 represent?

Venous oxygen saturation.

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

The relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin saturation.

What does the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

Rapid oxygen binding and dissociation.

What PO2 level indicates possible hypoxemic respiratory failure?

PaO2 < 60 mmHg on FiO2 ≥ 0.50.

What does pulse oximetry measure?

Non-invasive arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation.

What is the normal range for the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference on room air?

7-15 mmHg.

What is the PaO2/PAO2 ratio?

It reflects alveolar oxygen moving into arterial blood.

What PaO2/PAO2 ratio indicates hypoxemic respiratory failure?

< 0.75.

What does the PaO2/FiO2 ratio indicate?

Useful for assessing lung diffusion defects.

What is a normal range for the PaO2/FiO2 ratio?

380-475.

What indicates poor lung function using the SpO2/FiO2 ratio?

< 200.

What does total oxygen delivery (DO2) measure?

The amount of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues.

How is total oxygen delivery (DO2) calculated?

DO2 = Cardiac Output × CaO2 × 10.

What is the significance of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2)?

It’s an indicator of net tissue oxygenation.

What characterizes hypoxemia?

Abnormally low arterial oxygen tension (PaO2 or SpO2).

How is mild hypoxemia classified?

PaO2 of 60-80 mmHg.

What are symptoms of hypoxia?

Tachycardia, hypertension, dizziness, and mental confusion.

What is cor pulmonale?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension with right ventricular hypertrophy/failure.

What causes polycythemia in chronic hypoxia?

Increased erythropoietin release.

What happens to pulmonary arterioles in response to decreased alveolar PO2?

They constrict, redirecting blood from hypoxic regions.

What do cell-permeable phosphorescence-based probes (nanostraws) do?

They image intracellular oxygen tension.

What is cerebral oximetry (NIRS) used for?

Continuous non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation.

What is the impact of chronic hypoxia on blood viscosity?

It increases blood viscosity due to polycythemia.

What is the normal range for the SpO2/FiO2 ratio?

425-460.

What occurs in anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxia?

Production of lactic acid.

What does the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) measure?

The amount of oxygen consumed divided by total oxygen delivered.

What is the significance of the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference?

Indicates the efficiency of oxygen diffusion from alveoli to arterial blood.

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

Arterial hemoglobin saturation non-invasively.

What is the relationship depicted in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

The relationship between hemoglobin saturation and the partial pressure of oxygen.

What is indicated by a PAO2/FiO2 ratio of < 200?

Poor lung function and hypoxemic respiratory failure.

How is oxygen consumption (VO2) defined?

The amount of oxygen consumed by peripheral tissues per minute.

What does the arterial-venous oxygen content difference (C(a-v)O2) indicate?

The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content.

What are some pathophysiologic conditions associated with chronic hypoxia?

Cor pulmonale, polycythemia, and hypoxic vasoconstriction.

What does a significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation indicate?

Potential respiratory failure and tissue hypoxia.

How does advanced monitoring aid in assessing oxygenation status?

Provides direct insights into cellular oxygen levels and metabolic demands.

What is the significance of measuring arterial blood gases (ABG)?

It evaluates pH, PCO2, HCO3, PO2, and SpO2 status.

What is the general guideline relating PaO2 and SpO2?

40, 50, 60-70, 80, 90-PaO2/SaO2 range estimates correlation.

What role does barometric pressure play in oxygen calculations?

It is essential for determining the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen.