Geography ch 8 soil resources class 10 ICSE

soil

3 layer of loose mixture of small Rock particle and rotting organic matter that covers the surface of the earth

crops grown in red soil

vegetable rice Ragi tobacco groundnut potatoes sugarcane

soil has evolved over millions of years

various forces of nature including chemical and organic changes that take place in soil contribute to the evolution of soil

laterite soil is formed

as a result of atmospheric weathering of rocks under conditions of high rainfall and temperature with alternate wet and dry periods leaching

soil are derived from

parent rocks

leaching or desilication

process in which the nutrients get percolated down below the soil due to heavy rainfall does leaving topsoil in fertile

soil a derived from parent rocks of a process of

breakup and wear and tear

Upland laterite

formed over Hills and uplands

humus

decompose vegetal and animal remains

lowland laterite

form by transported Upland laterite soil

lateral soil found in

Sahyadri Eastern Ghat Rajmahal Hills hills in Eastern part of Peninsula

constituents of soil

humus silica sand clay

soil fertility

strength of soil to support plant life

laterite soil is red colour

due to presence of iron oxide formed by leaching

adequate amount of moisture in soil provide

essential nutrients to plants

laterite soil is acidic in nature

alkalis are leached

soil required sufficient depth

to enable plants to grow their roots as per their requirement

laterite soil

widely cutis bricks and considered suitable for construction materials

nutrients present in fertile soil for basic plant nourishment

nitrogen Phosphorus and potassium

laterite soil is not fertile

it does not retain moisture

soil fertility can be improved by adding missing nutrients in the form of

fertilizers to the soil

crops grown in laterite soil

tapioca cashew nut tea coffee

soil erosion

removal of topsoil cover by water wind and human activities

recidual or sedimentary soil

in situ soil they are formed in the original position by breaking up of parent rocks

sedimentary soil

black soil red soil laterite soil desert soil

sheet erosion

soil erosion in which thin layer of soil is removed when the vegetation is destroyed

transported soil

ex situ they are soils which are transported by various agents of erosion and consist of sediments carried and deposited by rivers and wins

rill erosion

erosion in which water running down causes groove over large area

transported soil

Alluvial soil

intermediate stage between sheet and gully erosion

Rill erosion

Alluvial soil formation

sediments brought down by river

gully erosion

erosion in which dip Gali are formed in Barren soil due to heavy downpour

Alluvium

the rivers deposit very fine particles of soil during the course of their long journey

the erosion seen in Chambal Valley region

gully erosion

Alluvial soil is also known as river in soil

it is mainly found in river basins

erosion seen in in Plains of Ganga Brahmaputra Yamuna rivers

stream Bank erosion

loam

mixture of sand clay and silt

loss of vegetation cover leads to

sheet erosion

rivers depositing Alluvial soil

Ganga Brahmaputra Indus

wind erosion

moment and deposition of soil particles by wind

two types of Alluvial soil based on age

bhangar and khadar

saltation

wind more soil particle 0.1 to 0.5 mm in bouncing aur hopping fashion

older alluvium

Bangar soil

soil creep

wind move soil particles greater than 0.5 mm by Rolling

Bangar soil

rich in lime nodules or kankers

the particle size less than 0.1 mm detach into

suspension

younger alluvium

Gadar soil

causes of soil erosion

heavy population pressure on land nature of rain for overgrazing bad farming technique topography deforestation

Kadar soil is more fertile than bhangar soil

new layers of aluminium are deposited year of the year in monsoon flood

North Eastern parts of India shivaliks and hilly region in South India affected by soil erosion

steep floods and heavy rainfall

inland alluvium

Plains of Ganga Brahmaputra and Indus

worst affected soil erosion areas

Badland of Chambal and Yamuna rivers treatment zone of Western Himalayas Chhota Nagpur Plateau region Sabarmati Valley region soil of Maharashtra dry area of Rajasthan Gujarat Haryana

deltaic alluvium

deltas of Ganga Brahmaputra Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri

terrace farming

prevent soil from being washed away by running water

costal alluvium

coastal states of Peninsular India Plains of Gujarat

shelterbelts

trees planted in rows check wind erosion known as wind breaks

contour ploughing

ploughing along Condor prevent soil being washed away by rain water by surface runoff

colour of Alluvial soil varies from light grey to Deep black

shapes depend on depth of deposition texture of materials and time taken for maturity

Alluvial soil texture

dry course forest and Sangli in the upper course smaller and more uniform more combat less combat more boys in the lower course

strip cropping

crops are grown in alternate strips to check soil erosion by water aur wind

Alluvial soil rich in

magnesia Alumina potash iron lime

construction of dam

prevent soil erosion

in dryer areas Alluvial soil is

alkaline

plugging gullies

gullies are plugged with deposition of cells during heavy rain

Alluvial soil is easily tillable

it is light and porous

planting trees

acta shelterbelt and prevent soil erosion

Alluvial soil mainly has

Rabi and kharif crops

soil conservation

prevention of soil loss from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility of soil caused by over usage as edification salinization or other types of soil contamination

need of conserving soil

loss of soil fertility leads to decrease in agricultural productivity lowering of water table frequency of drought and flood silting of river and Canal bed recurrence of landslides adverse effect on economic prosperity and cultural development

rice wheat sugarcane cotton tobacco oil seeds

crops grown in in Alluvial soil

Ganga Brahmaputra valley ideal for jute cultivation

presence of Alluvial soil

black soil is largely found in Deccan trap region

this area is formed by the deposition of Lava which had become finer particle over years resulting in formation of black soil

states in which Alluvial soil is found

Punjab Haryana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal

soil of Western Ghats are affected by wind erosion

sparse vegetation

black soil is also known as Black cotton soil or regur soil

it is black in colour and suitable for cotton cultivation

foothills of Himalayas are prone to excessive soil erosion

deforestation

black soil is also known as Lava soil

it is formed by denudational of Volcanic rocks

Jowar is grown in Maharashtra

presence of black soil

black soil is found in States of

Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Karnataka and some parts of Tamilnadu

Bajra is grown in Rajasthan

presence of sandy soil rich in soluble salt

black soil has the characteristic of self ploughing

it has high clay content and soil expands when wet and during summer its shrinks and develops cracks which help in air circulation

sugarcane is grown in Uttar Pradesh

more water conditions and favourable climatic conditions

black soil is rich in minerals

lime iron magnesium

water harvesting aids in soil erosion

reduces the flow of rainwater through Barren land

crops grown in black soil

cotton jogger with linseed gram citrus fruits and vegetables tobacco and sugarcane

black soil is suitable for dry farming

it has characteristic of moisture retentiveness

Red soil is red in colour

presence of iron oxide

red soil develops on

old crystalline rocks and metamorphic rocks weather in Peninsular plateau

second largest soil group in India

red soil

red soil found in States of

Tamil Nadu Karnataka Andhra Pradesh south east Maharashtra Odisha Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Meghalaya Mizoram Manipur Telangana and Nagaland

red soil appears yellow

when it is hydrated

red soil is suitable for dry farming

as it is found in rainfall areas