HUSH Ch. 16-18 Test

Second Industrial Revolution

• Explosive economic growth
• US transforms from small farms → world’s largest industrial society
• Railroad expansion creates national market
• New inventions
• Cutthroat business competition
• Captains of industry
• Great social/economic inequities

Thomas Edison

• Gilded Age era’s greatest inventor
• New industries transforming private life, public entertainment, economic activity
• Invented the lightbulb
  • Spread of electricity central to industrial/urban growth bc reliable/flexible power source

Trusts

• Legal device where a single director managed affairs of several rival companies
• Intended to alleviate business competition

Captains of Industry

• Industrial leaders

Robber Barons

• Derogatory term for industrial leaders
  • Abused power w/o democratic control
  • Dictatorial, repressive labor policies

JP Morgan

• Financier
• Helped create US Steel with Andrew Carnegie by combining eight large steel companies into the first billion-dollar economic enterprise

John D. Rockefeller

• Dominated the oil industry
• Began with horizontal expansion (buying out competitors) → vertical integration
• Standard Oil Company
• Gave much $ away to fund foundations promoting education and medical research
• Problems with unfair labor

Standard Oil Company

• Rockefeller’s monopoly over the oil industry
• Controlled 90% of US oil industry by 1880s

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• AKA “the Commodore”
• Captain of industry/robber baron who got rich off of railroads and shipping

Andrew Carnegie

• Founded United States Steel Corporation (US Steel)
• Believed rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries
• Dictatorial — factories operated nonstop w/ two 12 hour shifts everyday

Gospel of Wealth

• Belief that rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

United States Steel Corporation

• Carnegie’s monopoly over steel industry
• Used vertical integration
• Most tech advanced steel factories in world

Vertical Integration

• System where every phase/aspect of business is controlled (e.g. factories, railroads, train cars, workers, managers, all under same company)

Horizontal Expansion

• When a company buys out/”eats” competitors

Mark Twain

• Wrote novel “The Gilded Age” about great economic growth but also corruption of politics by corporations & oppressive treatment of working class
• Inspired naming of the Gilded Age

Gilded Age

• 1870-1890
• Deep social divisions
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Freedom compromised by industrialization

Social Darwinism

• Idea of natural superiority of some groups to others reemerged to explain success/failure of individuals/social classes
• Charles Darwin’s 1859 On the Origin of Species — theory of evolution, where those best suited to their environment took places of those less able
• “Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” entered public discussion of social problems — said evolution (giant industrial corps rising because better adapted to environment than other previous forms) was natural part of human society, so gov shouldn’t interfere
• Widespread view that poor were responsible for own fates and that failure to advance in society meant lack of character
• Most influential __ist was Yale professor William Graham Sumner, believed in survival of the fittest, that government should only protect, not interfere
• Popularized negative freedom (limited gov, unrestrained free market)
  • As long as labor relations were governed by freely made contracts, then gov/unions can’t interfere, & workers had no grounds to complain of no freedom
  • Free labor became defense for capitalist market

Lochner v. New York

• Supreme Court case that voided state law establishing max work hours for bakers

Great Railroad Strike

• 1877
• Showed strong worker solidarity & the close ties between Republicans and new industrialists
• President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered army into the North to put down strikers by force
• Afterwards, fed gov made armories in major cities so that troops could keep future labor problems in check

Knights of Labor

• Labor organization led by Terence V. Powderly
• First group that organized unskilled/skilled workers, women/men, black/white
• Strikes, boycotts, political action, educational/social activities

Social Gospel

• Effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal to poor urban neighborhoods, becoming more attentive to social ills (some in Catholic churches tried this too)
• Established missions, relief programs, advocate against poverty, child labor, for better working-class housing

Haymarket Affair

• May 3, police killed 4 strikers → next day, a rally in __ Square protesting the killings. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd, killing a policeman, causing police to open fire. Police later raided offices of labor and radical groups, arresting their leaders.
• Employers used __ to paint labor movement as dangerous, un-American, violent, controlled by foreign-born radicals
• 8 anarchists, most foreign-born, called __ martyrs, charged w/ weak evidence for carrying out bombing

Chief Joseph

• Leader of the Nez Percé Indians

• O. O. Howard led troops against Nez Percé Indians who were trying to escape to Canada after fights with settlers

• Howard forced them to surrender, removed to Oklahoma and Washington

• Petitioned unsuccessfully for rest of his life for Nez Percé to return to their home

Battle of Little Bighorn

• June 1876
• Most famous native victory
• General George A. Custer/his men all died against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defending tribal land in Black Hills of Dakota

General George A. Custer

• Him and his men died fighting against Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Dawes Act

• Passed in 1887
• Named after Senator Henry L. __ (chair of Senate’s Indian Affairs Committee)
• Broke up tribal land, distributed bits to native families, auctioned off rest to white ppl
  • Natives who accepted the farms and assimilated would become full citizens
• Led to loss of tons of tribal land and erosion of native culture
• Land rushes — white settlers poured into the opened territory

Elk v. Wilkins

• Supreme Court case in 1884

• Showed that Civil Rights Act, 14/15 Amendments didn’t apply to natives who were rarely recognized as citizens

• John __ born in Indian Territory but left tribe, worked/paid taxes in Omaha, failed to claim citizenship/register to vote after SC rejected appeal, questioned whether any natives had really been “civilized” enough to be citizens

Ghost Dance

• Religious revitalization campaign
• Foresaw future w/o white people, return of buffalo, natives could practice customs “free from misery, death, and disease,” singing, dancing, religious observances

Wounded Knee Massacre

• Gov feared uprising due to Ghost Dance campaign and sent troops to reservations, killing 150-200 natives in __ Creek on December 29, 1890
• Widely applauded in press, troops were exonerated, twenty soldiers even awarded Medal of Honor
• Marked end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between natives and white settlers

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody

• New image of the West as the Wild West — lawless, cowboys, Indians, gunfights, cattle drives, stagecoach robberies, violent yet romantic frontier
• Inspired Hollywood movies/medias like __’s Wild West Show
  • Reenactments of battles w/ natives, buffalo hunts, native rituals, etc.
  • Didn’t depict reality of the West

Sitting Bull

• Native American leader
• Alongside Crazy Horse, he led Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Civil Service Act of 1883

• President Garfield’s assassination by disappointed office seeker led to this act
• Merit system for federal employees, appointment via exams, not political influence — first step in removing officeholding from control of political machines

Interstate Commerce Act/Commission

• Established by Congress in 1887
• Made sure railroads charged farmers/merchants at reasonable rates (no favoring)
• First federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, but bc no power to establish rates on own, could only sue companies, made little impact

Sherman Antitrust Act

• Passed in 1890
• Banned practices restraining free trade, but language was vague, making it impossible to enforce
• Prevented business mergers that stifled competition

Farmers’ Alliance

• Formed in late 1870s
• Proposed “subtreasury plan”
  • Fed gov to make warehouses for farmers to store crops until sold, issue loans w/ low interest rates to farmers, end farmer dependence on bankers/merchants
• Became the people’s party/populists in 1890s

Populists (People’s Party)

• Appealed to producing classes — farmers, miners, industrial workers, mostly cotton/wheat belts in S/W
• Vision of America as commonwealth of small producers where land ~ freedom
• Tried to unite S black/white small farmers for common political/economic program bc of common grievances & goals, also to break Democrats' hold on S
• Engaged many women from farm/labor backgrounds & endorsed woman suffrage
• Joined with Democrats to support William Jennings Bryan for presidency
• Wanted to expand $ supply and reduce farmers’ debt by using silver
• Wanted gov owned railroads and controlled shipping rates
• Wanted progressive income tax

Mary Elizabeth Lease

• Prominent female organizer, campaigner, and strategist for the Populists

Coxey’s Army

• May 1894
• Band of hundreds of unemployed men under Jacob Coxey
• Marched to Washington demanding economic relief
• Fed gov deployed soldiers to disperse them

Pullman Strike

• Protest for reduction in wages in __, Illinois
• American Railway Union members refused to handle trains with __ cars -- the boycott crippled national rail service
• President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general Richard Olney ordered strikers back to work, fed troops occupied railroad centers
• Supreme Court case In re Debs approved use of injunctions against strikes & sentenced union leaders to jail, including union president Eugene V. Debs

Eugene V. Debs

• Jailed for leading Pullman Strike
• At the forefront of socialist movement, preached economic freedom across nation, won 900k+ votes for president in 1912 as socialism became very popular
• Political equality economic freedom, against classes

William Jennings Bryan

• Won Democratic nomination after his “Cross of gold” speech, called for “free coinage” of silver (unrestricted minting), condemned the gold standard
• Very religious, strong influence from Social Gospel, vision of gov helping ordinary Americans, went on nationwide speaking tour to rally support
• Opposed the Philippine War for being “un-American” (crushing Filipino goal of liberty/self gov)
• Ran (and lost) 3 times for president
  • Support from south/west

William McKinley

• Nominated by Republicans for the Election of 1896
  • Carried the industrial northeast/midwest
• Imperialism:
  • Ordered Congress to declare war against Spain in Cuba conflict
  • Didn’t want to return the Philippines to Spain or give independence -- believed it was US duty to “uplift and civilize” Filipino ppl
  • Granted Cuba independence only after forcing them to uptake the Platt Amendment (Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted & gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US)
• Won 1900 reelection due to recovered economy and patriotism from pro-imperialists

Gold Standard Act

• Passed in 1900 during McKinley’s presidency
• Established fixed rate (standard) at which paper money could be exchanged for gold
• Aimed to aid business/creditor confidence and recover from economic depression

New South

• Dream/promise of prosperity from industrial expansion & agricultural diversification
• Reality: overall, South went into poverty

Kansas Exodus

• 1879/80
• Migration of 40-60k black ppl to Kansas for freedom & economic opportunity
• Supported by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
• Idealistic image of Kansas as land of rural plenty, but most black migrants ended up as unskilled laborers
• Most black ppl had to stay in South — more jobs in North, but black ppl excluded from them

National Association of Colored Women

• Founded in 1896
• Advocated for women’s rights & racial uplift, right of black women to be seen just as “respectable” as white women instead of being 2nd class citizens

Booker T. Washington

• Gave the speech “Atlanta Compromise”
• Born a slave
• Headed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
• Urged not to fight segregation, appeal to white employers as docile black worker rather than unionized white worker
• Believed fighting white power head-on impossible, focus on building up segregated communities

Atlanta Compromise Speech

• Given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895
• Black ppl should abandon fight for civil/political rights, focus on getting farms/jobs rather than citizenship

Tuskegee Institute

• School located in Alabama
• Headed by Booker T. Washington
• Provided vocational education (education focused on training for a job)

WEB DuBois

• American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist
• Agitation for basic, civil, political, and educational rights, for black ppl to be recognized as full members of US society (contrast w/ Booker T. Washington)
• Wrote The Souls of Black Folk
• Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Grandfather Clause

• Law where descendants of people who could vote pre-CW would be exempted from voting eligibility tests (literacy, understanding the Constitution, etc)
• Indirect way to eliminate black votes

Disenfranchisement

• Taking away people’s voting rights
• Mainly targeted black people
• Poor/illiterate white people also affected
• Thanks to the Supreme Court’s approval of __ laws, by 1940, only 3% of adult black southerners were registered to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896
• Supreme Court case that invalidated the Civil Rights Act (1875) by approving state laws for segregated facilities
• “Separate but equal”
• Decision was 7-1
  • Lone dissenter John Marshall Harlan said segregation violated liberty & right to participate equally in US society
• Afterwards, states passed laws for segregation in all aspects of S life

“Separate but Equal”

• Arose from Plessy v. Ferguson case
• Phrase used to justify segregation
• Even so, black facilities were not actually “equal” to white counterparts -- either didn’t exist or were much worse

Racial Terror

• Violence by white people to achieve the political goal of reenforcing the racial hierarchy
• Lynchings, pogroms

Lynching

• Extra judicial murder by mob, most victims black men, 4k+ victims 1880-1950
• Sometimes in secret, sometimes advertised as major events to attract big crowds, a community crime
• Many victims accused of having raped/assaulted a white woman as justification

Ida B Wells

• Nation’s leading antilynching activist
• Born a slave
• Condemned lynching, which caused a mob to destroy her newspaper, Memphis Free Press

The Lost Cause

• By late 1800s, Southern governments put up monuments dedicated to __
• Reimagined version of the past that romanticized slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy
• Other aspects of past changed too
  • CW remembered as a war of “brother against brother” where black ppl played no role
  • Slavery remembered as a minor issue of CW, Reconstruction as regrettable “Negro rule”

New Immigrants

• Immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary)
• Large influx in 1890s, seeking jobs in US industrial centers
• Stereotyped as distinct “races” who weren’t as civilized, justifying low wages & crime

Immigration Restriction League

• Founded 1894
• Wanted to block illiterate immigrants, blamed “new immigrants” for crime, poverty, unemployment, inability to take part in democracy
  • Congress blocked illiterates in 1897 (later vetoed by Pres Grover Cleveland)
  • Law in 1903 barred “idiots, insane ppl, epileptics, paupers, anarchists”
  • Excluded Chinese immigrants → precedent for racialized immigration policy

Chinese Exclusion Act

• Passed 1882
• Congress excluded all Chinese immigrants
  • First time race used to exclude entire group of ppl
  • Made permanent in 1902
• Chinese in US needed to register w/ gov & carry ID papers or be deported

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

• Supreme Court case in 1898
• Ruled that children of Chinese immigrants born in US are citizens (bc of 14th amendment)
• But also ruled that Congress is allowed to set racial restrictions on immigration

American Federation of Labor

• Fall of Knights of Labor & rise of __ in 1890s showed shift from reformist past to more limited goals
• Homestead and Pullman strikes showed that confronting large corporations was suicidal
• Led by Samuel Gompers
• “Business unionism”: Focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions through cooperation w/ employers rather than utopian “cooperative commonwealth”
• 1890s, union membership rose but became less inclusive
  • Restricted to skilled workers, excluding vast majority of unskilled workers, black ppl, women, new immigrants
• Focused on sectors of economy under small businesses rather than big industries

Samuel Gompers

• Founder/president of the American Federation of Labor
• Believed labor movement should focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions rather than aim for a utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

Queen Liliuokalani

• Last ruler of Hawaii before being annexed by US

William Randolph Hearst

• His New York Journal & Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World were called the “yellow press”

Joseph Pulitzer

• His New York World & William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal were called the “yellow press”

Yellow Press

• Newspapers promoting patriotic/nationalistic sentiment during US’s #imperialismphase

USS Maine

• The US battleship bombed on Feb 15, 1898
  • 270 people died
• During time of Spain & Cuba’s conflict
• US believed Spain sent the explosion
• Spain rejected US demand for cease-fire and Cuban independence → President McKinley asked Congress to declare war

Rough Riders

• Led by Theodore Roosevelt on the charge up San Juan Hill — most publicized land battle of the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

• Cuba was granted independence only after McKinley forced the new government to approve the __ to Cuban constitution
  • Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted to
  • Gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US

Open Door Policy

• Set by Secretary of State John Hay
• Asked Europe to grant equal access to American exports in new commercial spheres of influence in China

Philippine War

• Initially welcomed US intervention
  • Way to escape Spain’s power
  • Large planters wanted access to US markets
  • Nationalists & labor leaders admired democracy, social reform, self gov
• Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo established provisional government after Dewey’s victory against Spain in Manila Bay
• McKinley wanted US to stay in control of Philippines → Filipinos turn against US and the __ starts
  • Longer and bloodier than Spanish-American War
• US control of Philippines — modernizing w/ railroads, harbors, US teachers and public health officials, modern agriculture — under guise of helping “little brown brothers”
• US policies served local elites, poverty to majority of rural population

Insular Cases

• 1901-1904
• Supreme Court cases that held that the Constitution does not fully apply to US’s newly acquired territories
• Abandoned American sentiments: no tax w/o rep & gov by the people

Anti-Imperialist League

• Formed by opponents of US imperialism
  • Members: social reformers who believed US should focus on domestic issues, businessmen concerns about costs of maintaining overseas outpost, racists who didn’t want non-white ppl in US
  • Believed America’s mission is to set an example of self government

Progressivism

• Broad group of people who wanted to bring change
• Advocated for workers’ voices, labor activists
• Female reformers
• Social scientists applying research to social problems
• Middle class fearing big businesses
• Individual fulfillment and self-determination

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

• Unsparing approach to social ills
• Described unsanitary slaughterhouses and rotting meat
• Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906
• Example of “muckraking”

Ida Tarbell

• American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer
• She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the Progressive Era

Louis D. Brandeis

• Ally of labor movement, appointed by Wilson into supreme court
• You can’t have “industrial slavery” in a nation of “political liberty”
• Supported unions

Socialist Party

• Public ownership of major enterprises
• Recognition of labor unions and suffrage, free college
• Public ownership of railroads and factories - democratic control over economy

Industrial Workers of the World

• Rejected American Federation of Labor (too exclusive and most privileged)
• Trade union, advocate workers revolution to seize means of production
• Mobilize those excluded from AFL, worked on solidarity

Collective Bargaining

• Negotiation between employer and group of employees who want better conditions
• Mass strikes among immigrant workers
• Idea that strikes should be organized on democratic basis
  • IWW printed posters in multiple languages, insisted all ethnic groups be represented in committees
• Lawrence Massachusetts children’s strike

Mary “Mother” Jones

• Union had only constitution, other side had bayonets
• Jailed at 83 after addressing striking Colorado miners
• Fiery supporter of worker unions

Feminism

• Woman’s emancipation
• Attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior

Emma Goldman

• Lithuanian immigrant
• Lectured on various subjects, mainly emphasized birth control

Margaret Sanger

• Challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices
• Wrote newspaper columns and in her own journal about sex education
• Started clinic

Birth-Control Movement

• Feminist movement
• More knowledge about women choosing whether they will be a mother or not
• Bodily autonomy and right to choose when to be a mother central to freedom

Helen Keller

• Became blind and deaf as an infant
• Advocated radically for persons with disabilities, as well as birth control, socialism, female suffrage, laborer rights, world peace, member of IWW

Society of American Indians

• Brought together native american intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds
• Discussed plights, goal to gain public exposure, no white control
• Pan-Indian

Carlos Montezuma

• Founder of Society of American Indians
• Outspoken critic of federal indian policy
• Called for abolition of bureau of indian affairs in his newsletter
• Forerunner of native american radicalism
• Against outsiders having so much control over them and supported self-determination, but also wanted full citizenship and rights of americans

John Dewey

• Effective freedom — power to do specific things
• Government act on behalf of those with little wealth/power
  • Powerful government was not necessarily threat to freedom
  • Govt could be activist and socially conscious
• Supported pragmatism
• Founded New School for Social Research
  • Scientifically evaluating public policy

Pragmatism

• Policies judged by their practical effects, not longevity or relation to traditional religious or political beliefs
• Experience over doctrine

Seventeenth Amendment

• U.S. senators elected directly by voters and not state legislatures
  • Good for progressives who wanted to expand scope of democracy
  • Contradictory to progressive ideals that wanted to restrict democracy to “fit” voters

Jane Addams

• Most prominent female reformer
• Founded Hull House in Chicago
  • Settlement house to offer social services to immigrant poor
  • Inspired array of Chicago reforms like sanitation, building codes, shorter/safer labor, labor union rights
• Govt action, not just social work, is essential to fix national problems

National American Woman Suffrage Association

• Not elitism anymore, broad coalition
• Unionists, socialists, settlement house workers
• Women in public sphere, new spirit of militancy, advertising

Maternalist reforms

• Promoted women’s child bearing and rearing abilities for economic independence
• Gov should encourage simultaneous motherhood & economic independence — won support from feminists & ppl who supported traditional gender roles

Alice Paul

• American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist
• One of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the 19th amendment

Carrie Nation

• Radical member of the Temperance Movement
• Noted for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet
• 6 feet tall and super strong

Muller v. Oregon

• 1908 Supreme Court decision
  • held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract
• Arguments were kinda sus
  • Louis D Brandeis used scientific and sociological studies to show that women were weaker than men and couldn't withstand the same long hours and hard labor
  • Said it was in governments interest to protect women because they bore children

John Muir

• Naturalist who organized Sierra Club
  • Preserve forests from uncontrolled logging
  • Religious connection between nature and god
• Inspired by transcendentalism, lamented industrialization against nature
• Broad following, many people supported nature as recreation space