HUSH Ch. 16-18 Test

Second Industrial Revolution

* Explosive economic growth
* US transforms from small farms → world’s largest industrial society
* Railroad expansion creates national market
* New inventions
* Cutthroat business competition
* Captains of industry
* Great social/economic inequities

Thomas Edison

* Gilded Age era’s greatest inventor
* New industries transforming private life, public entertainment, economic activity
* Invented the lightbulb
* Spread of electricity central to industrial/urban growth bc reliable/flexible power source

Trusts

* Legal device where a single director managed affairs of several rival companies
* Intended to alleviate business competition

Captains of Industry

* Industrial leaders

Robber Barons

* Derogatory term for industrial leaders
* Abused power w/o democratic control
* Dictatorial, repressive labor policies

JP Morgan

* Financier
* Helped create US Steel with Andrew Carnegie by combining eight large steel companies into the first billion-dollar economic enterprise

John D. Rockefeller

* Dominated the oil industry
* Began with horizontal expansion (buying out competitors) → vertical integration
* Standard Oil Company
* Gave much $ away to fund foundations promoting education and medical research
* Problems with unfair labor

Standard Oil Company

* Rockefeller’s monopoly over the oil industry
* Controlled 90% of US oil industry by 1880s

Cornelius Vanderbilt

* AKA “the Commodore”
* Captain of industry/robber baron who got rich off of railroads and shipping

Andrew Carnegie

* Founded United States Steel Corporation (US Steel)
* Believed rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries
* Dictatorial — factories operated nonstop w/ two 12 hour shifts everyday

Gospel of Wealth

* Belief that rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

United States Steel Corporation

* Carnegie’s monopoly over steel industry
* Used vertical integration
* Most tech advanced steel factories in world

Vertical Integration

* System where every phase/aspect of business is controlled (e.g. factories, railroads, train cars, workers, managers, all under same company)

Horizontal Expansion

* When a company buys out/”eats” competitors

Mark Twain

* Wrote novel “The Gilded Age” about great economic growth but also corruption of politics by corporations & oppressive treatment of working class
* Inspired naming of the Gilded Age

Gilded Age

* 1870-1890
* Deep social divisions
* Second Industrial Revolution
* Freedom compromised by industrialization

Social Darwinism

* Idea of natural superiority of some groups to others reemerged to explain success/failure of individuals/social classes
* Charles Darwin’s 1859 *On the Origin of Species* — theory of evolution, where those best suited to their environment took places of those less able
* “Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” entered public discussion of social problems — said evolution (giant industrial corps rising because better adapted to environment than other previous forms) was natural part of human society, so gov shouldn’t interfere
* Widespread view that poor were responsible for own fates and that failure to advance in society meant lack of character
* Most influential __ist was Yale professor William Graham Sumner, believed in survival of the fittest, that government should only protect, not interfere
* Popularized negative freedom (limited gov, unrestrained free market)
* As long as labor relations were governed by freely made contracts, then gov/unions can’t interfere, & workers had no grounds to complain of no freedom
* Free labor became defense for capitalist market

Lochner v. New York

* Supreme Court case that voided state law establishing max work hours for bakers

Great Railroad Strike

* 1877
* Showed strong worker solidarity & the close ties between Republicans and new industrialists
* President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered army into the North to put down strikers by force
* Afterwards, fed gov made armories in major cities so that troops could keep future labor problems in check

Knights of Labor

* Labor organization led by Terence V. Powderly
* First group that organized unskilled/skilled workers, women/men, black/white
* Strikes, boycotts, political action, educational/social activities

Social Gospel

* Effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal to poor urban neighborhoods, becoming more attentive to social ills (some in Catholic churches tried this too)
* Established missions, relief programs, advocate against poverty, child labor, for better working-class housing

Haymarket Affair

* May 3, police killed 4 strikers → next day, a rally in __ Square protesting the killings. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd, killing a policeman, causing police to open fire. Police later raided offices of labor and radical groups, arresting their leaders.
* Employers used __ to paint labor movement as dangerous, un-American, violent, controlled by foreign-born radicals
* 8 anarchists, most foreign-born, called __ martyrs, charged w/ weak evidence for carrying out bombing

Chief Joseph

* Leader of the Nez Percé Indians
* O. O. Howard led troops against Nez Percé Indians who were trying to escape to Canada after fights with settlers


* Howard forced them to surrender, removed to Oklahoma and Washington
* Petitioned unsuccessfully for rest of his life for Nez Percé to return to their home

Battle of Little Bighorn

* June 1876
* Most famous native victory
* General George A. Custer/his men all died against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defending tribal land in Black Hills of Dakota

General George A. Custer

* Him and his men died fighting against Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Dawes Act

* Passed in 1887
* Named after Senator Henry L. __ (chair of Senate’s Indian Affairs Committee)
* Broke up tribal land, distributed bits to native families, auctioned off rest to white ppl
* Natives who accepted the farms and assimilated would become full citizens
* Led to loss of tons of tribal land and erosion of native culture
* Land rushes — white settlers poured into the opened territory

Elk v. Wilkins

* Supreme Court case in 1884
* Showed that Civil Rights Act, 14/15 Amendments didn’t apply to natives who were rarely recognized as citizens


* John __ born in Indian Territory but left tribe, worked/paid taxes in Omaha, failed to claim citizenship/register to vote after SC rejected appeal, questioned whether any natives had really been “civilized” enough to be citizens

Ghost Dance

* Religious revitalization campaign
* Foresaw future w/o white people, return of buffalo, natives could practice customs “free from misery, death, and disease,” singing, dancing, religious observances

Wounded Knee Massacre

* Gov feared uprising due to Ghost Dance campaign and sent troops to reservations, killing 150-200 natives in __ Creek on December 29, 1890
* Widely applauded in press, troops were exonerated, twenty soldiers even awarded Medal of Honor
* Marked end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between natives and white settlers

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody

* New image of the West as the Wild West — lawless, cowboys, Indians, gunfights, cattle drives, stagecoach robberies, violent yet romantic frontier
* Inspired Hollywood movies/medias like __’s Wild West Show
* Reenactments of battles w/ natives, buffalo hunts, native rituals, etc.
* Didn’t depict reality of the West

Sitting Bull

* Native American leader
* Alongside Crazy Horse, he led Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Civil Service Act of 1883

* President Garfield’s assassination by disappointed office seeker led to this act
* Merit system for federal employees, appointment via exams, not political influence — first step in removing officeholding from control of political machines

Interstate Commerce Act/Commission

* Established by Congress in 1887
* Made sure railroads charged farmers/merchants at reasonable rates (no favoring)
* First federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, but bc no power to establish rates on own, could only sue companies, made little impact

Sherman Antitrust Act

* Passed in 1890
* Banned practices restraining free trade, but language was vague, making it impossible to enforce
* Prevented business mergers that stifled competition

Farmers’ Alliance

* Formed in late 1870s
* Proposed “subtreasury plan”
* Fed gov to make warehouses for farmers to store crops until sold, issue loans w/ low interest rates to farmers, end farmer dependence on bankers/merchants
* Became the people’s party/populists in 1890s

Populists (People’s Party)

* Appealed to producing classes — farmers, miners, industrial workers, mostly cotton/wheat belts in S/W
* Vision of America as commonwealth of small producers where land \~ freedom
* Tried to unite S black/white small farmers for common political/economic program bc of common grievances & goals, also to break Democrats' hold on S
* Engaged many women from farm/labor backgrounds & endorsed woman suffrage
* Joined with Democrats to support William Jennings Bryan for presidency
* Wanted to expand $ supply and reduce farmers’ debt by using silver
* Wanted gov owned railroads and controlled shipping rates
* Wanted progressive income tax

Mary Elizabeth Lease

* Prominent female organizer, campaigner, and strategist for the Populists

Coxey’s Army

* May 1894
* Band of hundreds of unemployed men under Jacob Coxey
* Marched to Washington demanding economic relief
* Fed gov deployed soldiers to disperse them

Pullman Strike

* Protest for reduction in wages in __, Illinois
* American Railway Union members refused to handle trains with __ cars -- the boycott crippled national rail service
* President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general Richard Olney ordered strikers back to work, fed troops occupied railroad centers
* Supreme Court case *In re Debs* approved use of injunctions against strikes & sentenced union leaders to jail, including union president Eugene V. Debs

Eugene V. Debs

* Jailed for leading Pullman Strike
* At the forefront of socialist movement, preached economic freedom across nation, won 900k+ votes for president in 1912 as socialism became very popular
* Political equality economic freedom, against classes

William Jennings Bryan

* Won Democratic nomination after his “Cross of gold” speech, called for “free coinage” of silver (unrestricted minting), condemned the gold standard
* Very religious, strong influence from Social Gospel, vision of gov helping ordinary Americans, went on nationwide speaking tour to rally support
* Opposed the Philippine War for being “un-American” (crushing Filipino goal of liberty/self gov)
* Ran (and lost) 3 times for president
* Support from south/west

William McKinley

* Nominated by Republicans for the Election of 1896
* Carried the industrial northeast/midwest
* Imperialism:
* Ordered Congress to declare war against Spain in Cuba conflict
* Didn’t want to return the Philippines to Spain or give independence -- believed it was US duty to “uplift and civilize” Filipino ppl
* Granted Cuba independence only after forcing them to uptake the Platt Amendment (Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted & gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US)
* Won 1900 reelection due to recovered economy and patriotism from pro-imperialists

Gold Standard Act

* Passed in 1900 during McKinley’s presidency
* Established fixed rate (standard) at which paper money could be exchanged for gold
* Aimed to aid business/creditor confidence and recover from economic depression

New South

* Dream/promise of prosperity from industrial expansion & agricultural diversification
* Reality: overall, South went into poverty

Kansas Exodus

* 1879/80
* Migration of 40-60k black ppl to Kansas for freedom & economic opportunity
* Supported by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
* Idealistic image of Kansas as land of rural plenty, but most black migrants ended up as unskilled laborers
* Most black ppl had to stay in South — more jobs in North, but black ppl excluded from them

National Association of Colored Women

* Founded in 1896
* Advocated for women’s rights & racial uplift, right of black women to be seen just as “respectable” as white women instead of being 2nd class citizens

Booker T. Washington

* Gave the speech “Atlanta Compromise”
* Born a slave
* Headed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
* Urged not to fight segregation, appeal to white employers as docile black worker rather than unionized white worker
* Believed fighting white power head-on impossible, focus on building up segregated communities

Atlanta Compromise Speech

* Given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895
* Black ppl should abandon fight for civil/political rights, focus on getting farms/jobs rather than citizenship

Tuskegee Institute

* School located in Alabama
* Headed by Booker T. Washington
* Provided vocational education (education focused on training for a job)

WEB DuBois

* American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist
* Agitation for basic, civil, political, and educational rights, for black ppl to be recognized as full members of US society (contrast w/ Booker T. Washington)
* Wrote The Souls of Black Folk
* Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Grandfather Clause

* Law where descendants of people who could vote pre-CW would be exempted from voting eligibility tests (literacy, understanding the Constitution, etc)
* Indirect way to eliminate black votes

Disenfranchisement

* Taking away people’s voting rights
* Mainly targeted black people
* Poor/illiterate white people also affected
* Thanks to the Supreme Court’s approval of __ laws, by 1940, only 3% of adult black southerners were registered to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

* 1896
* Supreme Court case that invalidated the Civil Rights Act (1875) by approving state laws for segregated facilities
* “Separate but equal”
* Decision was 7-1
* Lone dissenter John Marshall Harlan said segregation violated liberty & right to participate equally in US society
* Afterwards, states passed laws for segregation in all aspects of S life

“Separate but Equal”

* Arose from Plessy v. Ferguson case
* Phrase used to justify segregation
* Even so, black facilities were not actually “equal” to white counterparts -- either didn’t exist or were much worse

Racial Terror

* Violence by white people to achieve the political goal of reenforcing the racial hierarchy
* Lynchings, pogroms

Lynching

* Extra judicial murder by mob, most victims black men, 4k+ victims 1880-1950
* Sometimes in secret, sometimes advertised as major events to attract big crowds, a community crime
* Many victims accused of having raped/assaulted a white woman as justification

Ida B Wells

* Nation’s leading antilynching activist
* Born a slave
* Condemned lynching, which caused a mob to destroy her newspaper, *Memphis Free Press*

The Lost Cause

* By late 1800s, Southern governments put up monuments dedicated to __
* Reimagined version of the past that romanticized slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy
* Other aspects of past changed too
* CW remembered as a war of “brother against brother” where black ppl played no role
* Slavery remembered as a minor issue of CW, Reconstruction as regrettable “Negro rule”

New Immigrants

* Immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary)
* Large influx in 1890s, seeking jobs in US industrial centers
* Stereotyped as distinct “races” who weren’t as civilized, justifying low wages & crime

Immigration Restriction League

* Founded 1894
* Wanted to block illiterate immigrants, blamed “new immigrants” for crime, poverty, unemployment, inability to take part in democracy
* Congress blocked illiterates in 1897 (later vetoed by Pres Grover Cleveland)
* Law in 1903 barred “idiots, insane ppl, epileptics, paupers, anarchists”
* Excluded Chinese immigrants → precedent for racialized immigration policy

Chinese Exclusion Act

* Passed 1882
* Congress excluded all Chinese immigrants
* First time race used to exclude entire group of ppl
* Made permanent in 1902
* Chinese in US needed to register w/ gov & carry ID papers or be deported

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

* Supreme Court case in 1898
* Ruled that children of Chinese immigrants born in US are citizens (bc of 14th amendment)
* But also ruled that Congress is allowed to set racial restrictions on immigration

American Federation of Labor

* Fall of Knights of Labor & rise of __ in 1890s showed shift from reformist past to more limited goals
* Homestead and Pullman strikes showed that confronting large corporations was suicidal
* Led by Samuel Gompers
* “Business unionism”: Focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions through cooperation w/ employers rather than utopian “cooperative commonwealth”
* 1890s, union membership rose but became less inclusive
* Restricted to skilled workers, excluding vast majority of unskilled workers, black ppl, women, new immigrants
* Focused on sectors of economy under small businesses rather than big industries

Samuel Gompers

* Founder/president of the American Federation of Labor
* Believed labor movement should focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions rather than aim for a utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

Queen Liliuokalani

* Last ruler of Hawaii before being annexed by US

William Randolph Hearst

* His *New York Journal* & Joseph Pulitzer’s *New York World* were called the “yellow press”

Joseph Pulitzer

* His *New York World* & William Randolph Hearst’s *New York Journal* were called the “yellow press”

Yellow Press

* Newspapers promoting patriotic/nationalistic sentiment during US’s #imperialismphase

USS Maine

* The US battleship bombed on Feb 15, 1898
* 270 people died
* During time of Spain & Cuba’s conflict
* US believed Spain sent the explosion
* Spain rejected US demand for cease-fire and Cuban independence → President McKinley asked Congress to declare war

Rough Riders

* Led by Theodore Roosevelt on the charge up San Juan Hill — most publicized land battle of the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

* Cuba was granted independence only after McKinley forced the new government to approve the __ to Cuban constitution
* Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted to
* Gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US

Open Door Policy

* Set by Secretary of State John Hay
* Asked Europe to grant equal access to American exports in new commercial spheres of influence in China

Philippine War

* Initially welcomed US intervention
* Way to escape Spain’s power
* Large planters wanted access to US markets
* Nationalists & labor leaders admired democracy, social reform, self gov
* Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo established provisional government after Dewey’s victory against Spain in Manila Bay
* McKinley wanted US to stay in control of Philippines → Filipinos turn against US and the __ starts
* Longer and bloodier than Spanish-American War
* US control of Philippines — modernizing w/ railroads, harbors, US teachers and public health officials, modern agriculture — under guise of helping “little brown brothers”
* US policies served local elites, poverty to majority of rural population

Insular Cases

* 1901-1904
* Supreme Court cases that held that the Constitution does not fully apply to US’s newly acquired territories
* Abandoned American sentiments: no tax w/o rep & gov by the people

Anti-Imperialist League

* Formed by opponents of US imperialism
* Members: social reformers who believed US should focus on domestic issues, businessmen concerns about costs of maintaining overseas outpost, racists who didn’t want non-white ppl in US
* Believed America’s mission is to set an example of self government

Progressivism

* Broad group of people who wanted to bring change
* Advocated for workers’ voices, labor activists
* Female reformers
* Social scientists applying research to social problems
* Middle class fearing big businesses
* Individual fulfillment and self-determination

Upton Sinclair, *The Jungle*

* Unsparing approach to social ills
* Described unsanitary slaughterhouses and rotting meat
* Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906
* Example of “muckraking”

Ida Tarbell

* American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer
* She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the Progressive Era

Louis D. Brandeis

* Ally of labor movement, appointed by Wilson into supreme court
* You can’t have “industrial slavery” in a nation of “political liberty”
* Supported unions

Socialist Party

* Public ownership of major enterprises
* Recognition of labor unions and suffrage, free college
* Public ownership of railroads and factories - democratic control over economy

Industrial Workers of the World

* Rejected American Federation of Labor (too exclusive and most privileged)
* Trade union, advocate workers revolution to seize means of production
* Mobilize those excluded from AFL, worked on solidarity

Collective Bargaining

* Negotiation between employer and group of employees who want better conditions
* Mass strikes among immigrant workers
* Idea that strikes should be organized on democratic basis
* IWW printed posters in multiple languages, insisted all ethnic groups be represented in committees
* Lawrence Massachusetts children’s strike

Mary “Mother” Jones

* Union had only constitution, other side had bayonets
* Jailed at 83 after addressing striking Colorado miners
* Fiery supporter of worker unions

Feminism

* Woman’s emancipation
* Attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior

Emma Goldman

* Lithuanian immigrant
* Lectured on various subjects, mainly emphasized birth control

Margaret Sanger

* Challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices
* Wrote newspaper columns and in her own journal about sex education
* Started clinic

Birth-Control Movement

* Feminist movement
* More knowledge about women choosing whether they will be a mother or not
* Bodily autonomy and right to choose when to be a mother central to freedom

Helen Keller

* Became blind and deaf as an infant
* Advocated radically for persons with disabilities, as well as birth control, socialism, female suffrage, laborer rights, world peace, member of IWW

Society of American Indians

* Brought together native american intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds
* Discussed plights, goal to gain public exposure, no white control
* Pan-Indian

Carlos Montezuma

* Founder of Society of American Indians
* Outspoken critic of federal indian policy
* Called for abolition of bureau of indian affairs in his newsletter
* Forerunner of native american radicalism
* Against outsiders having so much control over them and supported self-determination, but also wanted full citizenship and rights of americans

John Dewey

* Effective freedom — power to do specific things
* Government act on behalf of those with little wealth/power
* Powerful government was not necessarily threat to freedom
* Govt could be activist and socially conscious
* Supported pragmatism
* Founded New School for Social Research
* Scientifically evaluating public policy

Pragmatism

* Policies judged by their practical effects, not longevity or relation to traditional religious or political beliefs
* Experience over doctrine

Seventeenth Amendment

* U.S. senators elected directly by voters and not state legislatures
* Good for progressives who wanted to expand scope of democracy
* Contradictory to progressive ideals that wanted to restrict democracy to “fit” voters

Jane Addams

* Most prominent female reformer
* Founded Hull House in Chicago
* Settlement house to offer social services to immigrant poor
* Inspired array of Chicago reforms like sanitation, building codes, shorter/safer labor, labor union rights
* Govt action, not just social work, is essential to fix national problems

National American Woman Suffrage Association

* Not elitism anymore, broad coalition
* Unionists, socialists, settlement house workers
* Women in public sphere, new spirit of militancy, advertising

Maternalist reforms

* Promoted women’s child bearing and rearing abilities for economic independence
* Gov should encourage simultaneous motherhood & economic independence — won support from feminists & ppl who supported traditional gender roles

Alice Paul

* American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist
* One of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the 19th amendment

Carrie Nation

* Radical member of the Temperance Movement
* Noted for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet
* 6 feet tall and super strong

Muller v. Oregon

* 1908 Supreme Court decision
* held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract
* Arguments were kinda sus
* Louis D Brandeis used scientific and sociological studies to show that women were weaker than men and couldn't withstand the same long hours and hard labor
* Said it was in governments interest to protect women because they bore children

John Muir

* Naturalist who organized Sierra Club
* Preserve forests from uncontrolled logging
* Religious connection between nature and god
* Inspired by transcendentalism, lamented industrialization against nature
* Broad following, many people supported nature as recreation space