HUSH Ch. 16-18 Test

Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution

• Explosive economic growth

• US transforms from small farms → world’s largest industrial society

• Railroad expansion creates national market

• New inventions

• Cutthroat business competition

• Captains of industry

• Great social/economic inequities

Thomas Edison

• Gilded Age era’s greatest inventor

• New industries transforming private life, public entertainment, economic activity

• Invented the lightbulb

  • Spread of electricity central to industrial/urban growth bc reliable/flexible power source

Trusts

• Legal device where a single director managed affairs of several rival companies

• Intended to alleviate business competition

Captains of Industry

• Industrial leaders

Robber Barons

• Derogatory term for industrial leaders

  • Abused power w/o democratic control

  • Dictatorial, repressive labor policies

JP Morgan

• Financier

• Helped create US Steel with Andrew Carnegie by combining eight large steel companies into the first billion-dollar economic enterprise

John D. Rockefeller

• Dominated the oil industry

• Began with horizontal expansion (buying out competitors) → vertical integration

• Standard Oil Company

• Gave much $ away to fund foundations promoting education and medical research

• Problems with unfair labor

Standard Oil Company

• Rockefeller’s monopoly over the oil industry

• Controlled 90% of US oil industry by 1880s

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• AKA “the Commodore”

• Captain of industry/robber baron who got rich off of railroads and shipping

Andrew Carnegie

• Founded United States Steel Corporation (US Steel)

• Believed rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

• Dictatorial — factories operated nonstop w/ two 12 hour shifts everyday

Gospel of Wealth

• Belief that rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

United States Steel Corporation

• Carnegie’s monopoly over steel industry

• Used vertical integration

• Most tech advanced steel factories in world

Vertical Integration

• System where every phase/aspect of business is controlled (e.g. factories, railroads, train cars, workers, managers, all under same company)

Horizontal Expansion

• When a company buys out/”eats” competitors

Mark Twain

• Wrote novel “The Gilded Age” about great economic growth but also corruption of politics by corporations & oppressive treatment of working class

• Inspired naming of the Gilded Age

Gilded Age

• 1870-1890

• Deep social divisions

• Second Industrial Revolution

• Freedom compromised by industrialization

Social Darwinism

• Idea of natural superiority of some groups to others reemerged to explain success/failure of individuals/social classes

• Charles Darwin’s 1859 On the Origin of Species — theory of evolution, where those best suited to their environment took places of those less able

• “Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” entered public discussion of social problems — said evolution (giant industrial corps rising because better adapted to environment than other previous forms) was natural part of human society, so gov shouldn’t interfere

• Widespread view that poor were responsible for own fates and that failure to advance in society meant lack of character

• Most influential __ist was Yale professor William Graham Sumner, believed in survival of the fittest, that government should only protect, not interfere

• Popularized negative freedom (limited gov, unrestrained free market)

  • As long as labor relations were governed by freely made contracts, then gov/unions can’t interfere, & workers had no grounds to complain of no freedom

  • Free labor became defense for capitalist market

Lochner v. New York

• Supreme Court case that voided state law establishing max work hours for bakers

Great Railroad Strike

• 1877

• Showed strong worker solidarity & the close ties between Republicans and new industrialists

• President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered army into the North to put down strikers by force

• Afterwards, fed gov made armories in major cities so that troops could keep future labor problems in check

Knights of Labor

• Labor organization led by Terence V. Powderly

• First group that organized unskilled/skilled workers, women/men, black/white

• Strikes, boycotts, political action, educational/social activities

Social Gospel

• Effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal to poor urban neighborhoods, becoming more attentive to social ills (some in Catholic churches tried this too)

• Established missions, relief programs, advocate against poverty, child labor, for better working-class housing

Haymarket Affair

• May 3, police killed 4 strikers → next day, a rally in __ Square protesting the killings. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd, killing a policeman, causing police to open fire. Police later raided offices of labor and radical groups, arresting their leaders.

• Employers used __ to paint labor movement as dangerous, un-American, violent, controlled by foreign-born radicals

• 8 anarchists, most foreign-born, called __ martyrs, charged w/ weak evidence for carrying out bombing

Chief Joseph

• Leader of the Nez Percé Indians

• O. O. Howard led troops against Nez Percé Indians who were trying to escape to Canada after fights with settlers

• Howard forced them to surrender, removed to Oklahoma and Washington

• Petitioned unsuccessfully for rest of his life for Nez Percé to return to their home

Battle of Little Bighorn

• June 1876

• Most famous native victory

• General George A. Custer/his men all died against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defending tribal land in Black Hills of Dakota

General George A. Custer

• Him and his men died fighting against Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Dawes Act

• Passed in 1887

• Named after Senator Henry L. __ (chair of Senate’s Indian Affairs Committee)

• Broke up tribal land, distributed bits to native families, auctioned off rest to white ppl

  • Natives who accepted the farms and assimilated would become full citizens

• Led to loss of tons of tribal land and erosion of native culture

• Land rushes — white settlers poured into the opened territory

Elk v. Wilkins

• Supreme Court case in 1884

• Showed that Civil Rights Act, 14/15 Amendments didn’t apply to natives who were rarely recognized as citizens

• John __ born in Indian Territory but left tribe, worked/paid taxes in Omaha, failed to claim citizenship/register to vote after SC rejected appeal, questioned whether any natives had really been “civilized” enough to be citizens

Ghost Dance

• Religious revitalization campaign

• Foresaw future w/o white people, return of buffalo, natives could practice customs “free from misery, death, and disease,” singing, dancing, religious observances

Wounded Knee Massacre

• Gov feared uprising due to Ghost Dance campaign and sent troops to reservations, killing 150-200 natives in __ Creek on December 29, 1890

• Widely applauded in press, troops were exonerated, twenty soldiers even awarded Medal of Honor

• Marked end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between natives and white settlers

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody

• New image of the West as the Wild West — lawless, cowboys, Indians, gunfights, cattle drives, stagecoach robberies, violent yet romantic frontier

• Inspired Hollywood movies/medias like __’s Wild West Show

  • Reenactments of battles w/ natives, buffalo hunts, native rituals, etc.

  • Didn’t depict reality of the West

Sitting Bull

• Native American leader

• Alongside Crazy Horse, he led Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Civil Service Act of 1883

• President Garfield’s assassination by disappointed office seeker led to this act

• Merit system for federal employees, appointment via exams, not political influence — first step in removing officeholding from control of political machines

Interstate Commerce Act/Commission

• Established by Congress in 1887

• Made sure railroads charged farmers/merchants at reasonable rates (no favoring)

• First federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, but bc no power to establish rates on own, could only sue companies, made little impact

Sherman Antitrust Act

• Passed in 1890

• Banned practices restraining free trade, but language was vague, making it impossible to enforce

• Prevented business mergers that stifled competition

Farmers’ Alliance

• Formed in late 1870s

• Proposed “subtreasury plan”

  • Fed gov to make warehouses for farmers to store crops until sold, issue loans w/ low interest rates to farmers, end farmer dependence on bankers/merchants

• Became the people’s party/populists in 1890s

Populists (People’s Party)

• Appealed to producing classes — farmers, miners, industrial workers, mostly cotton/wheat belts in S/W

• Vision of America as commonwealth of small producers where land ~ freedom

• Tried to unite S black/white small farmers for common political/economic program bc of common grievances & goals, also to break Democrats' hold on S

• Engaged many women from farm/labor backgrounds & endorsed woman suffrage

• Joined with Democrats to support William Jennings Bryan for presidency

• Wanted to expand $ supply and reduce farmers’ debt by using silver

• Wanted gov owned railroads and controlled shipping rates

• Wanted progressive income tax

Mary Elizabeth Lease

• Prominent female organizer, campaigner, and strategist for the Populists

Coxey’s Army

• May 1894

• Band of hundreds of unemployed men under Jacob Coxey

• Marched to Washington demanding economic relief

• Fed gov deployed soldiers to disperse them

Pullman Strike

• Protest for reduction in wages in __, Illinois

• American Railway Union members refused to handle trains with __ cars -- the boycott crippled national rail service

• President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general Richard Olney ordered strikers back to work, fed troops occupied railroad centers

• Supreme Court case In re Debs approved use of injunctions against strikes & sentenced union leaders to jail, including union president Eugene V. Debs

Eugene V. Debs

• Jailed for leading Pullman Strike

• At the forefront of socialist movement, preached economic freedom across nation, won 900k+ votes for president in 1912 as socialism became very popular

• Political equality economic freedom, against classes

William Jennings Bryan

• Won Democratic nomination after his “Cross of gold” speech, called for “free coinage” of silver (unrestricted minting), condemned the gold standard

• Very religious, strong influence from Social Gospel, vision of gov helping ordinary Americans, went on nationwide speaking tour to rally support

• Opposed the Philippine War for being “un-American” (crushing Filipino goal of liberty/self gov)

• Ran (and lost) 3 times for president

  • Support from south/west

William McKinley

• Nominated by Republicans for the Election of 1896

  • Carried the industrial northeast/midwest

• Imperialism:

  • Ordered Congress to declare war against Spain in Cuba conflict

  • Didn’t want to return the Philippines to Spain or give independence -- believed it was US duty to “uplift and civilize” Filipino ppl

  • Granted Cuba independence only after forcing them to uptake the Platt Amendment (Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted & gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US)

• Won 1900 reelection due to recovered economy and patriotism from pro-imperialists

Gold Standard Act

• Passed in 1900 during McKinley’s presidency

• Established fixed rate (standard) at which paper money could be exchanged for gold

• Aimed to aid business/creditor confidence and recover from economic depression

New South

• Dream/promise of prosperity from industrial expansion & agricultural diversification

• Reality: overall, South went into poverty

Kansas Exodus

• 1879/80

• Migration of 40-60k black ppl to Kansas for freedom & economic opportunity

• Supported by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

• Idealistic image of Kansas as land of rural plenty, but most black migrants ended up as unskilled laborers

• Most black ppl had to stay in South — more jobs in North, but black ppl excluded from them

National Association of Colored Women

• Founded in 1896

• Advocated for women’s rights & racial uplift, right of black women to be seen just as “respectable” as white women instead of being 2nd class citizens

Booker T. Washington

• Gave the speech “Atlanta Compromise”

• Born a slave

• Headed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

• Urged not to fight segregation, appeal to white employers as docile black worker rather than unionized white worker

• Believed fighting white power head-on impossible, focus on building up segregated communities

Atlanta Compromise Speech

• Given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895

• Black ppl should abandon fight for civil/political rights, focus on getting farms/jobs rather than citizenship

Tuskegee Institute

• School located in Alabama

• Headed by Booker T. Washington

• Provided vocational education (education focused on training for a job)

WEB DuBois

• American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist

• Agitation for basic, civil, political, and educational rights, for black ppl to be recognized as full members of US society (contrast w/ Booker T. Washington)

• Wrote The Souls of Black Folk

• Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Grandfather Clause

• Law where descendants of people who could vote pre-CW would be exempted from voting eligibility tests (literacy, understanding the Constitution, etc)

• Indirect way to eliminate black votes

Disenfranchisement

• Taking away people’s voting rights

• Mainly targeted black people

• Poor/illiterate white people also affected

• Thanks to the Supreme Court’s approval of __ laws, by 1940, only 3% of adult black southerners were registered to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896

• Supreme Court case that invalidated the Civil Rights Act (1875) by approving state laws for segregated facilities

• “Separate but equal”

• Decision was 7-1

  • Lone dissenter John Marshall Harlan said segregation violated liberty & right to participate equally in US society

• Afterwards, states passed laws for segregation in all aspects of S life

“Separate but Equal”

• Arose from Plessy v. Ferguson case

• Phrase used to justify segregation

• Even so, black facilities were not actually “equal” to white counterparts -- either didn’t exist or were much worse

Racial Terror

• Violence by white people to achieve the political goal of reenforcing the racial hierarchy

• Lynchings, pogroms

Lynching

• Extra judicial murder by mob, most victims black men, 4k+ victims 1880-1950

• Sometimes in secret, sometimes advertised as major events to attract big crowds, a community crime

• Many victims accused of having raped/assaulted a white woman as justification

Ida B Wells

• Nation’s leading antilynching activist

• Born a slave

• Condemned lynching, which caused a mob to destroy her newspaper, Memphis Free Press

The Lost Cause

• By late 1800s, Southern governments put up monuments dedicated to __

• Reimagined version of the past that romanticized slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy

• Other aspects of past changed too

  • CW remembered as a war of “brother against brother” where black ppl played no role

  • Slavery remembered as a minor issue of CW, Reconstruction as regrettable “Negro rule”

New Immigrants

• Immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary)

• Large influx in 1890s, seeking jobs in US industrial centers

• Stereotyped as distinct “races” who weren’t as civilized, justifying low wages & crime

Immigration Restriction League

• Founded 1894

• Wanted to block illiterate immigrants, blamed “new immigrants” for crime, poverty, unemployment, inability to take part in democracy

  • Congress blocked illiterates in 1897 (later vetoed by Pres Grover Cleveland)

  • Law in 1903 barred “idiots, insane ppl, epileptics, paupers, anarchists”

  • Excluded Chinese immigrants → precedent for racialized immigration policy

Chinese Exclusion Act

• Passed 1882

• Congress excluded all Chinese immigrants

  • First time race used to exclude entire group of ppl

  • Made permanent in 1902

• Chinese in US needed to register w/ gov & carry ID papers or be deported

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

• Supreme Court case in 1898

• Ruled that children of Chinese immigrants born in US are citizens (bc of 14th amendment)

• But also ruled that Congress is allowed to set racial restrictions on immigration

American Federation of Labor

• Fall of Knights of Labor & rise of __ in 1890s showed shift from reformist past to more limited goals

• Homestead and Pullman strikes showed that confronting large corporations was suicidal

• Led by Samuel Gompers

• “Business unionism”: Focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions through cooperation w/ employers rather than utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

• 1890s, union membership rose but became less inclusive

  • Restricted to skilled workers, excluding vast majority of unskilled workers, black ppl, women, new immigrants

• Focused on sectors of economy under small businesses rather than big industries

Samuel Gompers

• Founder/president of the American Federation of Labor

• Believed labor movement should focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions rather than aim for a utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

Queen Liliuokalani

• Last ruler of Hawaii before being annexed by US

William Randolph Hearst

• His New York Journal & Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World were called the “yellow press”

Joseph Pulitzer

• His New York World & William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal were called the “yellow press”

Yellow Press

• Newspapers promoting patriotic/nationalistic sentiment during US’s #imperialismphase

USS Maine

• The US battleship bombed on Feb 15, 1898

  • 270 people died

• During time of Spain & Cuba’s conflict

• US believed Spain sent the explosion

• Spain rejected US demand for cease-fire and Cuban independence → President McKinley asked Congress to declare war

Rough Riders

• Led by Theodore Roosevelt on the charge up San Juan Hill — most publicized land battle of the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

• Cuba was granted independence only after McKinley forced the new government to approve the __ to Cuban constitution

  • Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted to

  • Gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US

Open Door Policy

• Set by Secretary of State John Hay

• Asked Europe to grant equal access to American exports in new commercial spheres of influence in China

Philippine War

• Initially welcomed US intervention

  • Way to escape Spain’s power

  • Large planters wanted access to US markets

  • Nationalists & labor leaders admired democracy, social reform, self gov

• Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo established provisional government after Dewey’s victory against Spain in Manila Bay

• McKinley wanted US to stay in control of Philippines → Filipinos turn against US and the __ starts

  • Longer and bloodier than Spanish-American War

• US control of Philippines — modernizing w/ railroads, harbors, US teachers and public health officials, modern agriculture — under guise of helping “little brown brothers”

• US policies served local elites, poverty to majority of rural population

Insular Cases

• 1901-1904

• Supreme Court cases that held that the Constitution does not fully apply to US’s newly acquired territories

• Abandoned American sentiments: no tax w/o rep & gov by the people

Anti-Imperialist League

• Formed by opponents of US imperialism

  • Members: social reformers who believed US should focus on domestic issues, businessmen concerns about costs of maintaining overseas outpost, racists who didn’t want non-white ppl in US

  • Believed America’s mission is to set an example of self government

Progressivism

• Broad group of people who wanted to bring change

• Advocated for workers’ voices, labor activists

• Female reformers

• Social scientists applying research to social problems

• Middle class fearing big businesses

• Individual fulfillment and self-determination

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

• Unsparing approach to social ills

• Described unsanitary slaughterhouses and rotting meat

• Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• Example of “muckraking”

Ida Tarbell

• American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer

• She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the Progressive Era

Louis D. Brandeis

• Ally of labor movement, appointed by Wilson into supreme court

• You can’t have “industrial slavery” in a nation of “political liberty”

• Supported unions

Socialist Party

• Public ownership of major enterprises

• Recognition of labor unions and suffrage, free college

• Public ownership of railroads and factories - democratic control over economy

Industrial Workers of the World

• Rejected American Federation of Labor (too exclusive and most privileged)

• Trade union, advocate workers revolution to seize means of production

• Mobilize those excluded from AFL, worked on solidarity

Collective Bargaining

• Negotiation between employer and group of employees who want better conditions

• Mass strikes among immigrant workers

• Idea that strikes should be organized on democratic basis

  • IWW printed posters in multiple languages, insisted all ethnic groups be represented in committees

• Lawrence Massachusetts children’s strike

Mary “Mother” Jones

• Union had only constitution, other side had bayonets

• Jailed at 83 after addressing striking Colorado miners

• Fiery supporter of worker unions

Feminism

• Woman’s emancipation

• Attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior

Emma Goldman

• Lithuanian immigrant

• Lectured on various subjects, mainly emphasized birth control

Margaret Sanger

• Challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices

• Wrote newspaper columns and in her own journal about sex education

• Started clinic

Birth-Control Movement

• Feminist movement

• More knowledge about women choosing whether they will be a mother or not

• Bodily autonomy and right to choose when to be a mother central to freedom

Helen Keller

• Became blind and deaf as an infant

• Advocated radically for persons with disabilities, as well as birth control, socialism, female suffrage, laborer rights, world peace, member of IWW

Society of American Indians

• Brought together native american intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds

• Discussed plights, goal to gain public exposure, no white control

• Pan-Indian

Carlos Montezuma

• Founder of Society of American Indians

• Outspoken critic of federal indian policy

• Called for abolition of bureau of indian affairs in his newsletter

• Forerunner of native american radicalism

• Against outsiders having so much control over them and supported self-determination, but also wanted full citizenship and rights of americans

John Dewey

• Effective freedom — power to do specific things

• Government act on behalf of those with little wealth/power

  • Powerful government was not necessarily threat to freedom

  • Govt could be activist and socially conscious

• Supported pragmatism

• Founded New School for Social Research

  • Scientifically evaluating public policy

Pragmatism

• Policies judged by their practical effects, not longevity or relation to traditional religious or political beliefs

• Experience over doctrine

Seventeenth Amendment

• U.S. senators elected directly by voters and not state legislatures

  • Good for progressives who wanted to expand scope of democracy

  • Contradictory to progressive ideals that wanted to restrict democracy to “fit” voters

Jane Addams

• Most prominent female reformer

• Founded Hull House in Chicago

  • Settlement house to offer social services to immigrant poor

  • Inspired array of Chicago reforms like sanitation, building codes, shorter/safer labor, labor union rights

• Govt action, not just social work, is essential to fix national problems

National American Woman Suffrage Association

• Not elitism anymore, broad coalition

• Unionists, socialists, settlement house workers

• Women in public sphere, new spirit of militancy, advertising

Maternalist reforms

• Promoted women’s child bearing and rearing abilities for economic independence

• Gov should encourage simultaneous motherhood & economic independence — won support from feminists & ppl who supported traditional gender roles

Alice Paul

• American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist

• One of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the 19th amendment

Carrie Nation

• Radical member of the Temperance Movement

• Noted for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet

• 6 feet tall and super strong

Muller v. Oregon

• 1908 Supreme Court decision

  • held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract

• Arguments were kinda sus

  • Louis D Brandeis used scientific and sociological studies to show that women were weaker than men and couldn't withstand the same long hours and hard labor

  • Said it was in governments interest to protect women because they bore children

John Muir

• Naturalist who organized Sierra Club

  • Preserve forests from uncontrolled logging

  • Religious connection between nature and god

• Inspired by transcendentalism, lamented industrialization against nature

• Broad following, many people supported nature as recreation space