Unit 1 Macromolecules Study Set

Isomer

Same chemical formula, different shape/structure (Ex. glucose and fructose)

Isotope

Same element, different weight/number of neutrons (Ex. Carbon-15)

Amino Acids

Monomers of proteins

Parts of an amino acid

Amino group, central carbon, hydrogen, R-Group, Carboxyl group

Peptide Bonds

Covalent bonds that hold amino acids together

Primary Protein Structure

The most basic, single sequence layout of a protein

Secondary Protein Structure

The localized shape of a protein; can be an alpha helix or a beta sheet; strengthened by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Protein Structure

3D folded shape of a protein, shape strengthened by charged bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions

Quaternary Protein Structure

"Clumped" together tertiary protein structures; most complex protein folding level

Enzymatic Proteins

Proteins that selectively accelerate chemical reactions (Ex. Digestive proteins)

Defensive Proteins

Proteins that protect against diseases (Ex. Antibodies)

Storage Proteins

Proteins that store extra amino acids (Ex. proteins in a plant seed)

Transport Proteins

Proteins that transport substances (Ex. Hemoglobin)

Hormonal Proteins

Proteins that control coordination of an organisim (Ex. Insulin, Oxytocin)

Receptor Proteins

Proteins that control a cell's response to chemical stimuli (Ex. Dopamine)

Contractile/Mote Proteins

Proteins responsible for movement (Ex. actin, myosin)

Structural Proteins

Proteins that provide support (Ex. keratin in a rhino horn)

Monosaccharides

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Glycosidic Bonds

Covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together

Examples of Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Examples of Disaccharides

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Cellulose

Polysaccharide that is used by plants in cell walls and undigestible by humans; zig-zag structure

Glycogen

Polysaccharide found in human liver and muscles; used by animals to store glucose for multiple days

Starch

Polysaccharide used by plants to store energy

Cellulose can only be hydrolyzed

Polysaccharide that can only be hydrolyzed by bacteria and protists

Phospholipids

Lipids that form a bilayer to to act as the cell membrane; made from a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

Saturated fat

Lipid with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and only single bonds; solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fat

Lipid with a double bond and a shortage of hydrogen atoms; more liquid at room temperature

Nucleotides

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

Examples of Nucleic Acid Polymers

Structure of a Nucleotide

5 Carbon Sugar, Nitrogenous Base, Phosphate Group

Hydrogen Bonds

What bond holds together DNA strands?

Phosphodiester Bonds

Covalent bonds that hold nucleotides together in a strand