AP PSYCH UNIT 5

Recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

Recognition

Identifying items previously learned

Relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

Long Term Memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Working Memory

our active processing as out brain makes sense of incoming information and links it with stored memories

Encoding

To put in the new information

Store

To organize the information

Retrieve

To pull out the information

Semantic Encoding

The process of encoding sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a particular context, rather than deriving from a particular sense

Elaborative encoding

A mnemonic that relates to be remembered information to previously existing memories

Millers Magical Number, and what does it apply to

7 +/- 2 (it applies to the amount of pieces of information we can store in short term memory)

Explicit Memories

Retention of facts and experiences from long term memory that one can consciously know and declare (also called declarative memory)

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long term memory independent of conscious recollection (also called non declarative memory)

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices like acronyms or acrostics

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

Massed practice

Cramming, Can produce speedy short term learning and a feeling of confidence

Distributed Practice

More effective in producing long term memories

What two things make events more memorable

Emotion and Stress

Flashbulb Memory

A clear, sustained long term memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Context effects

The context that surrounds an event, effects how an event is perceived and remembered

Amygdala role in memory

Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in limbic system; linked to emotion. Initiates memory traces that boosts activity in the brains memory forming areas

Cerebellum role in memory

The “little brain” at the rest of the brain stem, functions include processing sensory input, coordination, movement output, balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. Plays a key role in storing implicit memories

Serial postions effect

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

mood congruent memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state

Encoding Failure

Much of what we sense we never notice, and what we fail to encode, we will never remember.

What does Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show us?

That memory for novel information fades quickly, then levels out.

What is proactive interference?

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

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What is retroactive interference?

The backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

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Typically people cannot remember things before what age(s)?

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Studies on memory show that they are frequently what?

incorrect

What is source amnesia?

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

Divided Attention

Occurs when mental focus is directed toward multiple ideas or tasks at once

Selective Attention

The process that allows and individual to select and focus on a particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

What is the tip-of-the-tongue effect?

The temporary inability to retrieve a word well known to the speaker

Misinformation effect

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

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Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Divergent Thinking

 Expanding the number or possible problem solutions; creative thinking that expands in different directions

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas, is supported by a certain level or aptitude.

Prototype

 A mental image or best example of a category

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What are the five components of Sternberg’s creativity theory?

Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

What aids in yielding creative answers to problems?

Sleep and other people

Algorithm

a methodical, logical ruel or step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Belief Perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Framing

The way an issue is posed, how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgementsR

Representativeness Heuristics

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Availability Heuristics

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Morphemes

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Phonemes

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

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What is the telegraphic speech phase in children?

The two-word stage produces sentences in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs so it is referred to as telegraphic speech

What did Chomsky believe about language acquisition?

That language is nature's gift and an unlearned human trait, separate from other parts of human cognition. He theorized that its a built in predisposition to learn grammar rules.

What was Benjamin Lee Whorf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis? 

Proposed that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

By thinking about how words or concepts relate to your own life is practicing what type of encoding?

Semantic encoding

Three ways to measure retention?

Recall, Recognition, Relearning

Automatic processing, which happens without our awareness is what type of memory?

Implicit Memory

Remembering a car accident you were in is what type of memory

Flashbulb Memory

What part of the brain is linked to fear and helps us remember emotional events?

Amygdala

You may forget how to juggle if what part of your brain was damaged?

Cerebellum

According to experts our memories are frequently a blend of what two things?

Correct and incorrect info

Phoebe is mad at joey because of something he did in her dream, however she doesn’t remember where It happened, this is what?

Source Amnesia

What type of attention requires more automatic processing?

Divided Attention

What researcher showed eyewitnesses can have memories distorted because of misinformation effect?

Elizabeth Loftus

An ultra conservative only watches Fox News because of what bias

Confirmation Bias

What is a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a problem

Algorithm

Patients prefer to be told their diagnosis has a 70% success rate than a 30% mortality rate. this is an example of what?

Framing

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is what?

Belief Perseverance

The post in postgame is an example of what

Morpheme

The e in the first word in this question is an example of what

Phoneme

When people think of a bird they typically think of a robin, a robin is a what

Prototype

You can’t remember your new password because you used your old one for so long. This is an example of what type of interference

Proactive interference