Chapters 6-8 exam review

Name the features of a flat bone and where they’re located

Thin, parallel surfaces

Found in roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

Features of sutural (worm Ian) bones and where they’re found.

Flat, small, oddly shaped

Found between flat bones of the skull

Features of irregular bone and where they’re found

Complex shapes

Found in vertebrae and pelvic bones

Features of short bones and where they’re located

As long as they are wide, cube shaped

Found in carpal bones and tarsal bones

Features of long bones and where they’re located

Long and slender with 2 ends wider than the shaft

Found in femur, arm bones, feet and hands

Features of sesamoid bones and where they’re located

Small, round, flat, shaped like sesame seed

Found in knee (patella) and base of thumb or big toe

Diaphysis

The shaft of long bone

Wall of compact bone

Central space (medullary cavity) with marrow

Epiphysis

Wide part at each end of long bone

Articulation with other bones

Most spongy bone

Covered with compact bone

Metaphysics

Zone connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis

Periosteum

Outer covering of compact bone

Endosteum

Inner layer of bone

Incomplete cellular layer

Lines medullary cavity, trabeculae layers, central canals

Osteocyte

Mature cell that maintains the matrix

Can help with bone repair if it’s released from its lacuna and can transform into an osteoblast or osteogenic cell

Osteogenesis

Bone formation

Ossification

Replacing other tissue with bone

Calcification

Depositing calcium salts during ossification

2 types of ossification

1. Endochondral

2. Intramembranous

Endochondral ossification

Start with cartilage type material and turn into bone.

Intramembranous ossification

Starts with a membrane and turns into bone

Steps of Endochondral ossification

1. disintegrate cartilage and punch blood vessels through in the medullary cavity

2. Blood vessels starts to come up to bone

3. Blood vessels Poké through diaphysis into medullary cavity to pull minerals in and begin ossification

4. Large hollow calcified diaphysis remains

5. Punch blood into two ends

6. Epiphysis becomes filled with spongy bone. Cartilage (epiphyseal plate) separates epiphysis from diaphysis

7. Cartilage production slows and osteoblast activity increases. Epiphyseal cartilage narrows and eventually disappears. Site of old plate becomes an epiphyseal line

Intramembranous ossification steps

1. Mesenchymal cells turn into osteoblasts and secrete matrix compounds to create osteoid which then becomes mineralized forming bone matrix

2. Developing bone grows outward in small struts called spicules

3. Blood vessels branch out and grow between spicules

4. Osteoblasts continue to deposit bone resulting in a plate of spongy bone

5. Remodeling around blood vessels results in compact bone

Types of blood supply of mature bones

1. Nutrient artery and vein (single pair of large blood vessels)

2. Metaphyseal vessels (supply epiphyseal cartilage)

3. Periosteal vessels (blood to superficial osteons)

Bone growth hormones and vitamins

1. Calcitriol (helps absorb calcium and phosphorous from digestive tract)

2. Vitamin C (required for osteoblast differentiation and collagen synthesis)

3. Vitamin A (stimulates osteoblast activity)

4. Vitamins K and B12 (help synthesize hone protein)

5. Growth hormone and thyroxine (stimulate bone growth)

6. Estrogens and androgens (stimulate osteoblasts)

7. Calcitonin(lowers blood calcium levels)

8. parathyroid hormone (raises blood calcium levels)

How does calcitonin affect bones?

Where calcium is stored

How does calcitonin affect The digestive tract?

Where calcium is absorbed

How does calcitonin affect The kidneys?

Where calcium is excreted

4 steps to repair fracture

1. Bleeding

   produces a clot (fracture hematoma)

   bone cellsmin the area die

2. Cells of the endosteum and periosteum become active

   divide and migrate to fracture zone

   calluses stabilize the break (external surrounds break. Internal develops in medullary cavity)

3. Osteoblasts

   replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

4. Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year

   reducing cslluses

Types of fractures

1. Transverse

2. Displaced

3. Compression

4. Spiral

5. Epiphyseal

6. Comminuted

7. Greenstick

8. Colles

9. Pott's

When does osteopenia start

Between ages of 30 and 40

What areas are most affected by osteopenia?

Epiphysis, vertebrae, and jaws

Osteoporosis

Severe bone loss

Occurs over age. 45 usually

Men get it more than men

Osteoblasts

Builder cells

Osteoid becomes bone

Define Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells and where they’re located

Mesenchymal stem cells that become daughter cells able to differentiate into osteoblasts

Found in the endosteum

Osteoclasts

Break down cells

Absorb and remove matrix

50+ nuclei

How does the femur transfer weight from hip to knee

Causing tension on lateral side of shaft

Compression on medial side

What makes up bone matrix

2/3 is calcium phosphate which reacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of Hydroxyapatite

1/3 collagen fibers

2% of bone is cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes; osteoclasts)

Calcitriol: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate ions by the intestines

Produced inn: the kidneys

Growth hormone: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: stimulates osteoblasts activity and synthesis of bone matrix

Produced in: the pituitary gland

Thyroxine: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: (with growth hormone) stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix

Produced in: thyroid gland

Sex hormones: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix, estrogen stimulates epiphyseal closure earlier then testosterone

Produced in: ovaries (estrogen) and testes (testosterone)

Parathyroid hormone: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: stimulates osteoclast (and osteoblast activity); increases blood calcium ion level

Produced in: parathyroid glands

Calcitonin: name it's function and where it's produced

Function: in pregnant and nursing women it decreases blood calcium ion level and may aid in calcium tranferbto the fetus

Produced in: thyroid gland

what 6 bones do the occipital bone articulate with?

L and R parietal

L and R temporal

Sphenoid

C1 (Atlas)

What 5 bones does the parietal bone articulate with?

Parietal bone of opposite side

Temporal bone on same side

Occipital

Frontal

Sphenoid

What 12 bones does the frontal bone articulate with?

L and R parietal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

L and R nasal

L and R lacrimal

L and R maxillary

L and R zygomatic

What 5 bones does the temporal bone articulate with?

Zygomatic (same side)

Sphenoid

Parietal (same side)

Occipital

Mandible

What 14 bones does the sphenoid articulate with?

Ethmoid

Frontal

Occipital

L and R parietal

L and R temporal

L and R palatine

L and R zygomatic

L and R maxilla

Vomer

What 13 bones does the ethmoid articulate with?

Frontal

Sphenoid

L and R maxilla

L and R nasal

L and R lacrimal

L and R palatine

L and R inferior nasal conchae

Vomer

What bones do the maxillary bones articulate with?

Maxilla of opposite side

Frontal

Ethmoid

All the other facial bones except the mandible

What 8 bones do the palatine bones articulate with?

Palatine bone on opposite side

L and R maxilla

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

L and R inferior nasal conchae

Vomer

What what 4 bones do the nasal bones articulate with?

Nasal bone on opposite side

Ethmoid

Frontal bone

Maxilla on same side

What 6 bones does the vomer articulate with?

L and R maxilla

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

L and R palatine bones

What 6 bones do the zygomatic bones articulate with?

L and R maxilla

Sphenoid

Frontal

L and R temporal

What 4 bones do the inferior nasal conchae articulate with?

Maxilla (on same side)

Ethmoid

Palatine (on same side)

Lacrimal (on same side)

Which 3 bones do the lacrimal bones articulate with?

Frontal

Ethmoid

Maxillan(of same side)

What does the mandible articulate with?

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bones

What does the hyoid articulate with?

Stylohyoid ligament connects lesser horns to the styloid process of the temporal bones

How many vertebrae are in each region of the spine?

Cervical - 7

Thoracic -12

Lumbar -5

Sacral - 5 fused

Coccygeal - 3-5 fused

How many bones does the skull have and how are they separated?

22 total:

8 cranial

14 facial