Module Two Exam Study Guide - Chapters 4, 5 & 6

A study guide for the Module Two Exam covering essential concepts from chapters 4, 5, and 6 related to consciousness, learning, and classical and operant conditioning.

What is consciousness?

Consciousness is the awareness of one's own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

What are the levels of consciousness?

Levels of consciousness include various states from full awareness to deep sleep.

High level of consciousness

Involves control processing, individuals actively focus on achieving goal

Requires attention and effort

Slow than automatic processes

Lower level of consciousness

Automatic processes

Requires little attention

Does not interfere with ongoing activities

Requires less conscious effort than controlled processes

Altered state of consciousness

Mental state noticeably different than normal awareness produced by drugs, fatigue, sensory deprivation, hypnosis

Subconscious awareness

Occurs when people are awake as well as sleeping or dreaming

requiring lower levels of awareness than daydreaming

some degree of awareness of external stimuli

No awareness

May apply to someone knocked out by a blow

Anesthetized

In a deep or prolonged unconscious state

Wakefulness Stage(W) of sleep

Reflect concentration and awareness

Relaxed but still awake

controlled process

Controlled processes require active focus on efforts towards a goal wnd requires selective attention

Ex:studying for a test

autonomic processes

State of consciousness requiring little attention and does not interfere with other ongoing activities

Ex:being awake

Stage N1(Non-rem) sleep

Drowsy sleep

Myoclonic jerks or sudden muscle movements

Stage N2(Non-REM sleep)

Decreased muscle activity and no conscious awareness of environment

Sleep stage 3N

Deepest sleep stage

Time when brain waves are least like our brain waves while awake

Bed wetting, sleep walking, sleep talking

Stage R(REM) sleep

Rapid eye movements (REM sleep)

Active stage of dreaming occurs

Fast wave activity, similar to relaxed wakefulness

Sleep cycle

Five stages of sleep from 90 to 100 minutes and recurs several times a night

What are the stages of sleep?

The stages of sleep include REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep and non-REM stages which cycle throughout the night.

insomnia

inability to sleep, waking up during the night or waking up too early

Between three and five in 10 adults suffer

Night terrors

Sudden arousal from sleep, intense fead

Nightmares

Frightening dream that often awakens a dreamer from REM sleep

Sleep apnea

Individuals stop breathing and awaken to breathe better

Narcolepsy

Sudden or overpowering urge to sleep

What is tolerance in the context of psychoactive drugs?

Tolerance is the reduced response to a drug after repeated use, leading to the need for larger doses.

What is physical dependence on drugs?

What is psychological dependence on drugs?

Psychological dependence is a condition where individuals feel compelled to use a drug despite negative consequences.

psychoactive drugs use on nervous system

alter consciousness

Modify perceptions

Change moods

Tolerance

Increasing amounts for same effect

Physical dependence

Need/withdrawal

Psychological dependence

Strong desire

Addiction

Physical or psychological dependence or both

Drug increases dopamine levels in brains reward pathways

What is the definition of learning?

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

depressants

Psychoactive drug slows down mental and physical activity.

alcohol:depressant

Slows brain activity

Barbiturates:depressant drug

Nembutal, Seconal. Decrease central nervous system activity. Make person feel groggy

Tranquilizers:depressant

Valium, Xanax. Reduce anxiety and induce relaxation or induce feelings of calm, drowsiness and confusion

Opiates:depressant drug

Morphine or Heroin. Act on brains endorphin receptors or natural pain killers.

Stimulants

increase central nervous system activity

Ex:caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Caffeine:stimulant psychoactive drug

Increase central nervous system activity to induce energy and alertness

Nicotine: stimulant

Stimulates brains reward center by raising dopamine level

Amphetamines(uppers)

Crystal meth. Stimulant drug used to boost energy, stay awake, lose weight that increases dopamine in brain and leads to pleasurable feelings

Cocaine:stimulant

Produces rush of euphoric feeling lasting about 15-30 minutes. Agitated mood follows decline of drug effects

MDMA(ecstasy):stimulant drug

Induced both stimulant and hallucinogen properties that Impairs memory and cognitive processes

Releases serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Psychoactive drugs:Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs

Psychoactive drugs that modify a persons perceptual experiences and produce visual images that aren’t real

Marijuana psychoactive drug:Hallucinogen

impairs attention and memory

Increases pulse rate and blood pressure or reddening of the eyes and mouth

MDMA(ectasy) Hallucinogen

LSD(Lysergic acid diethylamjde):hallucinogen

Induces pleasurable images, objects change shape and color, affects sense of time, affects neurotransmitter in the brain, impaired memory and attention

Who is Ivan Pavlov and what is his contribution to classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs, illustrating the principles of classical conditioning.

What is an example of classical conditioning from homework?

An example of classical conditioning could be a dog salivating at the sound of a bell that signals food.

Nuetral stimulus in Pavlov experiment

What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Who is B.F. Skinner and what did he contribute to operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner is known for his work with rats, demonstrating principles of reinforcement and punishment.

What is positive reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement is a technique that increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus.

What is negative punishment?

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease an undesired behavior.

Learning

Systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

memory

Retention of information or experience over time

3 steps in memory process

Encoding, storage and retrieval

Encoding

Process where information enters memory storage

Some automatically

Other info requires effort

Requires attention

Deep processing

Elaboration

Use of mental imagery

Selective Attention

Focuses on specific aspects of experiences while ignoring others

Limitation of brains resources

Divided attention

Attending to several things simultaneously

Multi tasking

Sustained attention

Focusing and manuring attention on specific tasks or stimulus over extended period of time