AP BIO FINAL

Anterior Vena Cava

The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart.

Anus

The opening at the end of the digestive tract through which waste leaves the body.

Aortic arch

The curved portion of the aorta that gives rise to the major arteries supplying blood to the head, neck, and arms.

Aortic valve

The valve located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta, which prevents backflow of blood into the ventricle after contraction.

Bicuspid valve/ Mitral valve

A heart valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle, allowing blood to flow in one direction.

Bronchus

The main airway that branches from the trachea and leads into each lung, facilitating air passage for respiration.

Caecum

It is a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines, playing a role in the absorption of fluids and salts and plays a role in fermentation; acts as a bacterial fermentation chamber for cellulose breakdown

Cardiac sphincter

A ring of muscle at the end of the esophagus and entrance to stomach that regulates the passage of food and prevents reflux.

Carotid artery

The major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck, branching from the aorta.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, playing a crucial role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate breathing.

Ductus arteriosus

Carries oxygenated blood from pulmonary artery to Aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs in the womb

Ductus venosus

Carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior/posterior vena cava. This allows blood to bypass the liver in the fetus.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine, where most of digestion occurs.

Epididymis

A coiled tube located at the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.

Esophagus

The muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) with the stomach, facilitating the movement of food and liquids to the stomach.

External nares

Nostrils

Eyes

Organs that detect light and enable vision.

Foramen ovale

Hole between the atrium which allows blood to flow from the right to left atrium. Allows blood to bypass the lungs in a fetus.

Gall bladder

stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats.

Hard palate

the bony, anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, separating the oral and nasal cavities

Heart

The hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the body of a vertebrate animal by contracting and relaxing.

Jejunum

The middle part of the small intestine, helps to further digest food coming from the stomach.

Kidney

filters your blood and removes nitrogenous waste, and is involved in osmoregulation

Large Intestine

re-absorb water, vitamins and electrolytes from undigested food

Larynx

where the voice box is.

Left Atrium

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs from pulmonary vein

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.

Liver

Produces bile

Lungs

They bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, a waste gas. This all occurs in the alveoli —> Air sacs where gas exchange occurs between lungs and its capillaries.

Mammary Papillae

Small, nipple-like structures present on the ventral (underside) surface of fetal pigs

Will turn into the teats of female pigs.

Masseter

responsible for the action of mastication (chewing)

Mesentery

suspend and hold the intestines in place within the abdominal cavity (suspend and hold the intestines in place within the abdominal cavity).

Mitral valve

controls blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle

Ovary

produce eggs

Pancreas

• produces digestive enzyme

  • Peptidase —> break down protein

  • Lipase —> bread fats

  • Produces buffers to reduce acidity

Parietal peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity

Parietal pleura

is the outer layer of the pleura, a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs. Attaches to the chest wall.

Penis

male reproductive organ that contains the urethra which carries urine and semen.

Pericardium

a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart, composed of a fibrous outer layer and a serous inner layer

Pinnae

Ears

Posterior vena cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Pulmonary artery

carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs

Pulmonary valve

one of the four valves in the heart, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 

Pyloric sphincter

governs the passage of food out of the stomach into the small intestine, muscle

Rectum

the final section of the digestive tract, end of the large intestine.

Right Atria

Right atrium of the heart, carries deoxygenated blood.

Salivary glands

produces saliva

Scrotum

Sack of skin that protects the testes (balls)

Semilunar valve

prevents flow of blood back into the heart

• pulmonary valve

• aortic valve

Sensory papillae

basically taste buds

Small intestine

digest food and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

Snout

the nose basically

Soft palate

acts as a barrier to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

Spleen

filtering the blood, storing blood cells, and producing and releasing immune cells to fight infections

Stomach

• Forms chyme, which is partially digested food

• Stores ~2L of food

• Disinfects food

• Does chemical digestion

Tail

self explanatory

Testes

sperm production (spermatogenesis) and the secretion of male sex hormones, primarily testosterone

Thymus

producing and maturing T cells, which are essential for fighting infections and maintaining immune function

Thyroid

gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development

Tongue

tongue

Tooth

tooth

Trachea

allow passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lung

Tricuspid Valve

between right atrium and ventricle

Umbilical artery

paired blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from the developing fetus to the placenta

Umbilical cord

a lifeline for a developing fetus, connecting it to the placenta and providing nutrients and oxygen.

Umbilical veins

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

Ureter

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urethra

This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra.

Urinary bladder

a hollow, stretchy organ in the lower part of your abdomen that stores urine before it leaves your body through your urethra.

Urogenital opening

where bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity.

Urogenital papillae

fleshy protrusions located near the anus of certain fish species, particularly in males, where they serve as a structure for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract

Urogenital sinus

serves as the embryonic origin for both the urinary and reproductive system

Uterine horns

provide the environment for the developing fetuses to grow and mature. 

And is a passageway for sperm

Uterus

• a bicornuate structure, meaning it consists of two separate horns that join at the cervix.

• function: nurture a fertilized egg and develop a fetus until birth

Vagina

muscular canal that connects the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body, serving as the birth canal and the pathway for menstrual flow.

Vas deferens

A coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes.

Vena Cava

transport deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

Villi

facilitating efficient absorption of nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

• contain capillaries which help transport and absorb

Visceral peritoneum

the layer of tissue that directly covers the organs within the abdominal cavity, including the intestines and stomach.

The inner layer that directly covers the organs, providing a smooth surface for them to move and interact.

one of two layers of the peritoneum in the abdomen

Visceral pleura

a thin membrane that covers the lungs and extends into the fissures between the lobes

• the inner membrane of the pleura, the outer membrane is called parietal pleura