Anatomy & Phsiology (15%)

endocrine system

organs that excrete hormones to control the body’s responses to stimuli and functions

what does the endocrine system include?

pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas

pituitary gland

produces growth hormones and prolactin

thyroid

regulates rate of metabolism

parathyroid

maintains calcium levels

adrenal

release hormones in response to stress and excitement

pancreas

secretes insulin

immune system

identifies and kills pathogens

two categories of immune system?

innate and adaptive

innate immune system

first line of defense, nonspecific, nonadaptive AKA no memory. (skin, fur, saliva, stomach acid)

adaptive immune system

attacks specific threats, adaptive AKA has memory. (spleen and lymph nodes)

kidneys

filter blood to form and excrete urine as well as regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

bladder

hollow muscular organ that stores urine

urethra

excretes urine from body

ovaries

located right behind kidneys. contain eggs to be fertilized. produce reproductive hormones.

uterus

site of implantation of fertilized eggs and fetal development. top two sections called uterine hornes

vagina

site where males deposit semen. passageway between uterus and outside the body

reproductive tract

female

scrotum

houses testicles

testicles

produce reproductive hormones

epididymides

store sperm before ejaculation

deferent ducts

transport sperm from the epididymides to the urethra

penis

acts as male sexual organ

dorsal

back (highest part of four legged animal)

caudal

tail

cranial

head

ventral

stomach

proximal

close to body

distal

away from body

skin

largest organ on the body

epidermis

outermost layer of skin

dermis

connective tissue which provides the body with cushioning from stress and strain. houses sweat glands, hair follices, and nerve endings

subcutaneous tissue

provides insulation and nutrient storage

keratin

chemical component of epidermal tissues. (hair, hooves, horns, and nails)

horns

consist of a bone core, attached to the animal’s skull; used for fighting for dominance of territory, mating/courtship, and defense

auricle

external part of ear where ear tag is attached

nares

nostrils

vibrissae

whiskers

mammary papilla

teat

cattle external anatomy

okay

pig external anatomy

okay

sheep external anatomy

okay

goat external anatomy

okay

horse external anatomy

okay

circulatory system

transporting oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to body tissues. transport carbon dioxide and waste FROM body tissues. transporting body’s defenses. aid temp regulation

red blood cells

carry oxygen from the lungs to body’s tissues. carry carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs to be expelled.

arteries

vessels which carry blood away from the heart to body tissues

veins

vessels that carry blood towards the heart from body tissues.

superior and inferior vena cavas (veins)

enter the heart carrying deoxygenated blood

four pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from lungs

pulmonary arteries and pulmonary trunk (artery)

carry deoxygenated blood

pulmonary trunk and aorta

arteries that immediately exit the heart

chambers of the heart

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. separated by septum

right side of heart

deoxygenated blood to lungs. enters RA, then through tricuspid valve into RV, then blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary arteries which transport blood to lobes of the lungs. RV must exert enough pressure to push blood to the lungs and back to left side of the heart.

left side of the heart

blood enters LA though four pulmonary veins, blood propelled through bicuspid valve into LV, LV pushes blood through aortic semilunar valve into aorta which leads to rest of the body. left ventricle (strongest) must push blood through entire body

respiratory system

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. upper and lower respiratory portions

right lung

three lobes

left lung

two lobes

digestive system

breaking down food in order to absorb nutrients to maintain body function. can be monogastric or ruminant

ingestion

food enters mouth

mechanical processing

food is physically broken down into small pieces

digestion

food is chemically broken down into tiny pieces

secretion

body releases enzyes, water, and acids into food.

salivary glands

release saliva

liver

detoxification. nutrients or toxins collected from digestive system must be processed by liver before going to rest of the body. releases bile.

pancreas

releases enzymes

absorption

movement of molecules into the blood stream

excretion

waste eliminated from the body

prehension

act by which food is grasped and gathered into the mouth

prehension for human

hand

prehension for horse

lips

prehension for cattle

tongue

prehension for goats and sheep

lips and tongue

esophagus

uses a peristaltic wave to move

stomach

churns to mechanically breakdown food and mix food with enzymes to allow chemical breakdown

rumen

holds consmed food and mixes

artieral blood system

takes from from the heart to the organs

venous blood system

takes blood from organs to the heart

hepatic portal vessel

large vessel where all venous blood is collected before traveling throuhg the liver

small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

large intestine

cecum, appendix (humans), ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons, and rectum

reticulum

holds heavy objects such as metal or wire (honeycomb)

omasum

folds increase length of time food spends in omasum. increasing water absorption (omasum)

abomasum

true stomach

endocrine system

secretes hormones to help integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. includes hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, and reproductive glands

pituitary gland

master gland at base of brain. secretions affect many body functions

adrenal gland

top of each kidney and divded into two organs: cortex and medulla. helps control heart rate and blood presssure

ovaries

secrete estrogen and progesterone

testis

produce sperm cells and secrete androgens

immune system

protecting body from infection. two types of defense mechanisms.

non specific immune system

skin and mucus, phagocytes, inflammation and fever, and interferons

specific defense mechanisms

antibody mediated immunity (b cells) and cell mediated immunity (t cells)

b cells

developed in bone marrow from lymphocytes

t cells

developed in thymus from lymphocytes

integumentary system

retains body fluids, protects against disease, eliminates waste, and regulates body temperature

accessory structures of integumentary system

hair, nails, exocrine glands (sweat glands and sebaceous glands)

nervous system

regulates body’s response to internal and external stimuli. two parts: central and peripheral nervous systems

central nervous sytem

brain & spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves