A&P TEST 4 YAAAAY

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Sebaceous Glands

Secrete Sebum (oil), Connected to hair follicles

Acne

Inflammation of sebaceous gland in a hair follicle

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat Glands

Eccrine Sudoriferous

Thermoregulation, do not secrete into a hair follicle

Apocrine Sudoriferous

Located in specific regions (axillary, groin, mammary, face), scent glands, secrete into a hair follicle

Ceruminous glands

Modified sweat glands in the ear canal, secretes cerumin (wax)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Stratum Basale cells become cancerous, shiny

Squamous cell carcinoma

Stratum spinosum keratinocytes become cancerous, reddish

Melanoma

Melanocytes become cancerous, rarest form and most deadly, abnormal mole

Melanoma risk factors

Family History, Male, Red hair, severe sunburns in childhood

First degree burn

Only epidermis injured, red, painful, sunburns

Second degree burn

Epidermis and part of dermis injured, blistered, takes weeks to heal and leaves scars (Scalds)

Third degree burn

Epidermis, dermis and deeper tissue injured, cannot heal itself normally

Synarthrosis Joint

No movement

Amphiarthrosis joint

Little bit of movement

Diarthrosis joint 

Freely Moveable

Fibrous joint

collagen fibers hold bones together, no joint cavity

Cartilaginous joint

Cartilage holds together, no joint cavity

Synovial joint

Dense regular CT holds together (ligaments, tendons), Has a joint cavity

Suture (Fibrous)

Thin strand of collagen fibers connect them together, synarthrosis

Syndesmoses (Fibrous)

long sheet like collagen fibers connect, amphiarthrosis (ex: distal joint of tibia and fibula)

Gomphoses (Fibrous)

Small ligaments connects bones, synarthrosis

Synchondroses (Cartilaginous)

Hyaline cartilage connects, synarthrosis (Ex: Epiphyseal plate)

Symphyses (Cartilaginous)

Fibrocartilage connects, amphiarthrosis (Ex: intervertebral discs)

Synovial Joint function

Diarthrosis

Synovial joint characteristics

1. Has a joint cavity (Contains synovial fluid)

2. Articular (Hyaline) cartilage covers articulating surface

3. Articular capsule surrounds joint like a sleeve and covers synovial cavity

4. Synovial fluid: secreted by synovial membrane

Articular capsule layers

Fibrous capsule (outer). Synovial membrane (inner)

Fibrous capsule

Attaches to periosteum, dense irregular CT, strengthen joint, flexibility

Synovial membrane

Areolar CT, lines synovial cavity, secretes synovial fluid, cushions

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone, dense regular CT

Ligament

Connects bone to another bone, Dense regular CT

Articular disc (Menisci)

Pad of fibrocartilage that separates articular surfaces, stabilizes joint

Articular disc location

Knee

Bursa

Fibrous sac like structure, reduces friction, located where skin,bone,muscle,tendons rub together

Tendon sheath

Really long bursa that wraps around a tendon, reduces friction and cushions

Plane (Gliding) Joints (Synovial)

Flat articulating surfaces, gliding (Ex: intercarpal, intertarsal)

Hinge joints (Synovial)

Cylinder and trough articulating surfaces, flexion and extension (Ex; Knee, elbow, ankle)

Pivot joint (synovial)

A round area fits into a ring, rotation (Ex: radioulnar, atlanto-axial joint (neck)

Condyloid joint (synovial)

Complementary oval surfaces, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (Ex: radiocarpal joint of wrist)

Saddle joints (synovial)

Rider in saddle, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (Ex: trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb)

Ball and socket joints (Shoulder, hip)

Ball in socket, freely moveable of all synovial joints

Ball and socket movements

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,rotation, circumduction

Energy muscle cells use

Chemical energy (ATP)

Body obtains energy from

Food (Nutrients)

Chemical energy in food is converted into ATP

Transfer of energy from the chemical bonds of nutrients to the phosphate bonds of ATP

ATP synthesis occurs

When energy is transferred from chemical bonds of nutrients to ATP

Cellular respiration

Chemical breakdown of glucose to form ATP

Cellular respiration equation (Aerobic)

C6H12O6+6O2→H2O+6CO2+36ATP+Heat

Aerobic

Requires O2

Anaerobic

ATP production without O2, uses glycolysis instead

Glycolysis equation

Glucose → Pyruvic acid + 2ATP

What happens to pyruvic acid?

Converted into lactic acid (too much in muscles will cause cramps)

Responsiveness (Muscle tissue property)

Can respond to stimuli

Can contract (Muscle tissue property)

Shorten in length

Extensible (Muscle tissue property)

Stretch without damage

Elasticity (Muscle tissue property)

Return to original shape and length

Each muscle is made of

Thousands of muscle cells, blood vessels, nerve fibers, CT

Epimysium

Outermost layer of connective tissue wrap

Epimysium surrounds

Entire muscle

Epimysium is made of

Dense Irregular CT

Perimysium

Middle layer, surrounds group of muscle fibers

Perimysium is made of

Dense irregular CT, forms fascicles

Fascicles

Bundle of muscle fibers

Endomysium

Innermost layer, surrounds individual fibers within fascicle

Endomysium is made of

Areolar CT

Direct attachment

Epimysium fused to periosteum of bone

Indirect attachment

Epimysium extends beyond muscle

Aponeurosis

Sheet of dense irregular CT

Tendon (Indirect)

Cord of dense regular CT

Sarcolemma

Cell membrane

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm

Sarcoplasm contains

Glycogen, Myoglobin, Myofibrils, T-tubule, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Multinucleate

Glycogen

Energy stored in glycosomes, liver stores glycogen

Myoglobin

Binds O2, Stores O2 in cell, red pigment

Myofibrils

Thread-like fibers, Contractile elements of cell structures that shorten 

T-tubule

In pockets of sarcolemma, communication system

Sarcoplasmiic reticulum

Modified smooth ER, Stores and releases Ca

Multinucleate

Muscle cells are formed in embryo and by fusion of many individual stem cells called myoblasts

Satellite cells

Unspecialized unipotent stem cells, located between muscle cell and endomysium

A Band

Dark band of myofibril

I band

Light band of myofibril

H band (A band zone)

Lighter region in center, visible when relaxed

M line (A band zone)

Center of H zone

Z disc (I band zone)

Center region

Sarcomere

Allows for shortening, functional unit of a muscle cell

Thick myofilament

made of myosin, 200 myosin = 1 thick filament

Thin myofilament

Made of actin, anchored in Z discs

Elastic filament

Made of elastic fibers, anchors thick filament Z discs and M line, stabilizes thick filament

Myosin Tail

Points toward M line, forms shaft

Myosin Head

Extend from shaft, points toward thin filament, can bind actin.

Myosin function

Contractile motor protein that binds actin

Where does myosin get the energy to do work?

PE from myosin phosphorylation

Actin

Contractile protein with a myosin bind site

Regulatory proteins (Troponin, Tropomyosin)

Regulate myosin, binding to actin by blocking the myosin bind site on actin

Dystrophin

Largest protein known, links microfilaments to sarcolemma, needed for muscle contraction

Muscle dystrophy

Genetic disease caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene 

Muscle action

Muscles pull, not push

Prime mover

Muscle that is most responsible for an action

Antagonist

Muscle performing the opposite action as the prime mover

Myosin ATPase

Enzyme on myosin head hydrolyzes ATP ATP→ADP+P