Ch. 13 Gastrointestinal Tract

What is the most common site for intussusception?

ileocecal orifice (entry of the small into large intestine)

The celiac, superior mesenteric, and __ __ arteries supply both the small and large intestine.

inferior mesenteric

What are the folds in the stomach called that stretch and increase its capacity for food intake?

rugae

The __ within the small intestine increase surface area for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

villi

What hormone is released by the stomach mucosa to stimulate the gastric glands to secrete gastric acid?

gastrin

Where does most of digestion occur?

duodenum

What hormone is released by the presence of fat in the intestine and regulates gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying by causing the pyloris muscle to relax?

cholecystokinin

What hormone is released from the small bowel to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestine?

secretin

What is the most common lab finding for GI bleed?

blood in the stool—may result in anemia

increase in WBC count; increase in the carcinoembryonic antigen in pts with inflammatory bowel disease

The bowel wall has 5 layers (target sign appearance on US). Odd-numbered layers are __ and even-numbered layers are __.

odd - echogenic

even - hypoechoic

What condition occurs in neonates and infants where death from malnutrition may result if not resolved? Has to do with pyloric muscle obstructing contents from entering the duodenum.

pyloric stenosis

The valvular conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities in the duodenum and jejunum, known as the __ sign.

keyboard

What are the 3 categories of gastric bezoars?

1. Trichobezoars - hair balls [young women]

2. Phytobezoars - vegetable matter (unripe persimmon)

3. Concretions - inorganic material (sand, asphalt, shellac)

What is the most common tumor of the stomach?

leiomyoma (benign)

What cancer accounts for 90-95% of malignant tumors of the stomach?

gastric carcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is the 6th leading cause of death, occuring more often in older __?

men

Gastric carcinoma is more common in East Asia and Europe. 50% of tumors occur in the pylorus, 25% occur in the body, and 25% occur in the __ of the stomach.

fundus

What is the second most common malignant tumor of the stomach?

leiomyosarcoma [50’s and 60’s]

Acute appendicitis is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to __ of the vermiform appendix. This may produce necrosis, perforation, and subsequent abscess formation and peritonitis.

ischemia

Obstruction of the appendix can also result in __, compromising the vascular supply to the appendix. When the permeability of the mucosa increases, bacteria invades the appendix wall and results in infection and inflammation.

edem

Progression of acute appendicitis to frank perforation is more rapid in which age group?

younger children

(ex: preschool 70%, older children 30%, adults 22%)

[women 20-40 y/o tend to be misdiagnosed upon initial eval]

term for fecaliths or calculi in the appendix

appendicoliths

term for gross enlargement of the appendix from an accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen

mucocele

What is the most common tumor of the GI tract in children <10 y/o, and typically occurs late in life?

lymphoma

Clinical signs of this tumor includes intestinal blood loss, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, or palpable mass.

lymphoma

What tumor is a rare, malignant smooth muscle tumor that represents 10% of small-bowel tumors?

leiomyosarcoma