Psych Unit 2.2 Vocab

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46 Terms

1

selective attention

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

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2

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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3

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

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4

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

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5

gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

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6

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

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7

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

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8

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

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9

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

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10

binocular cue

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.

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11

convergence

a cue to nearby objects’ distance, enabled by the brain combining retinal images.

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12

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance — the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

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13

monocular cue

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

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14

stroboscopic movement

an illusion of continuous movement (as in a motion picture) experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying still images.

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15

phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

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16

autokinetic effect

the illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room.

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17

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.

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18

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

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19

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

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20

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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21

metacognition

cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.

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22

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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23

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow).

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24

Jean Piaget

a Swiss developmental psychologist who suggested that children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experiences and interactions into groupings known as schemas

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25

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

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26

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

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27

accommodation

in developmental psychology, adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information.

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28

creativity

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

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29

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

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30

divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.

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31

Robert Sternberg

an American psychologist best known for his intelligence theory, which states that there are three aspects to intelligence--creative, analytical, and practical intelligence

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32

executive functions

cognitive skills that work together, enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and implement goal-directed behavior.

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33

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier — but also more error-prone — use of heuristics.

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34

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy — a mental shortcut — that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm.

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35

insight

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

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36

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

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37

fixation

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving.

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38

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

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39

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

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40

Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman

two influential psychologists who conducted groundbreaking research on human judgment and decision-making. Their work shed light on various cognitive biases and heuristics.

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41

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

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42

availability heuristic

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

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43

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct — to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

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44

belief perseverance

the persistence of one’s initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

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45

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

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46

nudge

framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions.

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