unit 3

Fungi

organisms that absorb nutrients from other material

Chitin

tough material in fungal cell walls

Yeast

single-celled fungus

Heterotrophs

organisms that eat or absorb food instead of making it

Decomposer

breaks down dead material

Parasite

lives off a host and harms it

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

Mycelium

mass of hyphae (main body of fungus)

Reproductive structure (fruiting body)

structure used for reproduction (like a mushroom)

Hyphae

thread-like filaments

Septa

walls dividing hyphae

Mycorrhizal fungi

fungi that live with plant roots

Arbuscules

root structures for nutrient exchange

Spores

reproductive cells

Plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

Heterokaryotic

cells with two different nuclei

Mold

multicellular fungus

Yeast reproduction (budding)

small cell grows off parent cell

Mucoromycetes

simple molds

Ascomycetes

sac fungi

Basidiomycetes

club fungi (mushrooms)

Basidia

spore-producing cells

Basidiocarps

mushroom structure

Clade

group of organisms with a common ancestor

Metazoa

all animals

Eumetazoa

animals with true tissues

Bilateria

animals with bilateral symmetry

Deuterostomia

animals where the first opening becomes the anus

Protostomia

animals where the first opening becomes the mouth

Lophotrochozoan

group with lophophore or trochophore larvae

Ecdysozoa

animals that molt

Choanoflagellates

closest living relatives to animals

Neoproterozoic era

time when first animals appeared

Ediacaran biota

earliest large organisms

Paleozoic Era

early animal diversity

Cambrian explosion

rapid evolution of animals

Hox genes

control body layout during development

Mesozoic Era

age of dinosaurs

Cenozoic Era

age of mammals

Niche

role of an organism in an ecosystem

Zygote

fertilized egg

8-cell embryo

early stage of cell division

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Gastrulation

process where layers form

Gastrula

layered embryo

Blastopore

first opening in embryo

Archenteron

early gut

Radial symmetry

body arranged around a center

Bilateral symmetry

left and right sides

Ectoderm

outer layer

Endoderm

inner layer

Mesoderm

middle layer

Diploblastic

two germ layers

Triploblastic

three germ layers

Body cavity

space for organs

Coelom

true body cavity

Hemocoel

blood-filled cavity

Acoelomate

no body cavity

Lophophore

crown of tentacles used for feeding

Trochophore

free-swimming larval stage

Ecdysis

process of molting (shedding outer layer)

Invertebrates

animals without a backbone

Exoskeleton

outer skeleton

Hydrostatic skeleton

fluid-based support system

Endoskeleton

internal skeleton

Sponges

simple animals with no tissues

Epidermis

outer layer

Pores

openings where water enters

Spongocoel

central cavity

Osculum

exit opening

Choanocytes

cells that capture food

Amoebocytes

cells that transport nutrients

Spicules

support structures

Filter feeder

filters food from water

Hermaphrodites

have both male and female reproductive organs

Incomplete digestive system

one opening for food and waste

Polyps

stationary body form

Medusas

free-swimming body form

Cnidocytes

stinging cells

Nematocysts

stingers inside cnidocytes

Medusozoans

jellyfish group

Anthozoans

corals and sea anemones

Platyhelminthes

flatworms

Planarians

free-living flatworms

Tapeworms

parasitic flatworms

Mollusca

soft-bodied animals

Foot

used for movement

Visceral mass

contains organs

Mantle

protective covering

Mantle cavity

space housing organs