ARCC TOA REVIEWER PART 2 (Architectural Movements)

Programmatic concepts

refers to abstract ideas intended mainly as functional solutions to performance problems without regard to physical response

Design concepts

refers to concrete ideas intended as physical solutions to architectural problems

Eclecticism

Applied to any building that incorporates a mixture of historical styles, predominant during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Historicism

The recourse to the historical styles as evident in the historical revival styles in architecture.

Neoclassical style

One of the most common architectural styles seen in the US, inspired by the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago held in 1893 promoting a renewed interest in the classical forms. (1895-1950)

Structuralism

Trend in architecture brought about by the iron construction of Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, that followed numerous exhibition halls, locomotive sheds, and other large-scale engineering types of structures.

Monumentalism

Architecture style inspired from the idea of building monuments and based on a general notion that "the form of an object should last (Adolf Loos)."

Chicago Tribune Tower

A monumentalist structure designed by Adolf Loos in 1922 which was in the form of a huge Doric column.

National Romanticism

Self-emulating style that is bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement and fed on the particular local historical motifs and devices as well as the associative aspects of the historical periods as beloved byt the eclectics. (1860-20th century)

Congress Hall

An example of National Romanticism designed by Albert Speer

Art Nouveau

Also known as Fin de Siecle, the style is characterized by dynamic forms, whiplash lines, and curving designs.

Art Deco

Successor and reaction against art nouveau, the style reflects admiration for the modernity of the machine and for the inherent design qualities of machine-made objects; also influenced by cubism and retained plant form and curve imagery

Modernism

A philosophical movement in society and culture that aligned the experiences, transformations, and aspirations rooted on the industrialization of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Radicalism

Architectural style that demanded a radical shift in the emphasis of the buildings of the past to the design of those which met the demands of modern life.

Constructivism

Architectural style originated in Russia that played around with irregualr geometric forms in reaction to the stable forms of conventional architecture in conjunction with social revolution.

Constructivists

Russian avant-gardists that broke the rules of classical architecture and composition, with their critical point of view and experimentation with forms disturbed the traditional perception of architecture.

Expresssionism

Early 20th century movement that made architecture as a medium of free expression that rejected the rigidity and formalism of the historical styles.

Futurism

Derived from the published manifesto of Italian architect Antonio Sant 'Elia, "it is the architecture of calculation, of audacity & simplicity", and states that "let us throw away monuments, sidewalks, arcades, steps. Let us sink squares into the ground, raise the level of the city."

De Stijl

Founded by Van Doesburg, it aims to construct "without any illusion, without any decoration," breaking away from naturalism and historicism by appealing to abstraction.

Bauhaus style

Derived from the school of art and design founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 that was the creative center of artistic experiment during the 1920s.

International style

Also known as "ready-made style", it is a style developed in Europe and the United States in the the 1920s-1930s characterized by rectilinear forms, light plane surfaces with no applied ornamentation, open interior spaces, and visually weightless qualities from cantilever construction.

Organicism

Introduced by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1908, it is inspired by the organic form of plants, animals, and landscapes as it brings us closer to a sustainable built environment.

Utilitarianism

Style that seeks for economic solutions for low-value sites as well as alternative/cheap forms of construction and housing, usually resulting in fabricating units in factories for immediate assembly onsite.

Brutalism

First referred to the works of Mies van der Rohe that openly displayed the servicing systems of a building, it was later applied to buildings which imitated the exposed concrete finishes in Le Corbusier's work.

Metabolism

Post-WW2 movement originated in Japan which regarded architecture and cities as living organisms that grow

Post-Modernism

Style that emerged in the 1960s that was a reaction to the formality and lack of avariety in modern architecture, where elements of historical styles were used.

Deconstructivism

A part of the Postmodernism movement that deconstructs a building into parts or fragments, producing a total effect of non-symmetry, disharomony, and instability.